This review focuses on genetically engineered bacteria, tracing their development history and exploring strain construction and precision editing techniques. It establishes a performance evaluation system from three aspects: colonization, efficacy, and biosafety. The review systematically introduces their modular applications in oncology, enteritis, metabolic diseases, infection diagnosis and treatment, as well as in vivo sensing. Additionally, it analyzes the existing bottlenecks in clinical translation and proposes future development ideas such as standardized chassis and intelligent gene circuits.
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