In the context of recent debate over the FDA's approval of aducanumab, it's refreshing to learn about a model of Alzheimer's neurodegeneration that doesn't start with the pathogenic proteins amyloid or Tau.
A new paper in Alzheimer's & Dementia from Emory neuroscientist Shan Ping Yu and colleagues focuses on an unusual member of the family of NMDA receptors, signaling molecules that are critical for learning and memory. Their findings contain leads for additional research on Alzheimer's, including drugs that are already FDA-approved that could be used preventively, and genes to look at for risk factors.
"It's not just another rodent model of Alzheimer's," Yu says. "We are emphasizing a different set of mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration."
Those mechanisms include alterations in calcium and neuronal hyperactivity, which occur first in this mouse model, rather than standard models that have clumps of amyloid or Tau as the primary drivers.
For the last several years, Yu and his laboratory have been studying the NMDA receptor subunit GluN3A in the context of stroke and also brain development. According to their research, GluN3A acts like a control rod in a nuclear reactor, cooling down signaling in the brain so that things don't overheat. It's an inhibitory part of a receptor assembly that is usually stimulatory.
Yu says GluN3A's role in the adult brain is understudied, because it is generally thought to fade away after early development. Mice that are missing the gene for GluN3A get a benefit earlier in life, in that they have enhanced memory and spatial learning. But later on, the missing gene's function catches up, and the mice develop several features of Alzheimer's, including olfactory deficits, cognitive decline, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, and eventually amyloid/tau pathology.
"We show that virtually all clinical symptoms and pathophysiology spontaneously developed in the GluN3A knockout mouse in an age-dependent manner," Yu says.
Yu says he was originally motivated to examine GluN3A's role in neurodegeneration because the GluN3A-knockout mice develop the early symptom of olfactory dysfunction, which is commonly seen in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients. In the current paper, Yu and colleagues show that loss of GluN3A leads to elevated calcium levels, normally tightly regulated, and what they call "degenerative excitotoxicity".
This is distinct from the excitotoxicity that is harmful in traumatic brain injury or stroke - milder and more chronic. They connect the hyperactivity and inflammation to the "calcium hypothesis" for Alzheimer's - a well-established idea that dysregulated calcium drives neurodegeneration. Yu says that their discovery of the role of GluN3A relates more to the early stages of the disease, before amyloid plaque formation.
Looking forward, the findings on GluN3A have implications for additional investigation. First, the NMDA receptor inhibitor memantine is FDA-approved for Alzheimer's, but it is generally thought only to have an effect on symptoms. Yu's lab showed that they could prevent some (but not all) deficits by treating GluN3A-mutant mice with memantine. Maybe memantine or a similar drug could play a preventive role if given to people with mild cognitive impairment or early Alzheimer's? Second, genetic variations in GluN3A has barely been studied in Alzheimer's, and studies on other neuropsychiatric conditions suggest that a significant percentage of people carry mutations or deletions affecting GluN3A gene function.
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Yu and co-senior author Ling Wei are both in Emory's Department of Anesthesiology, with first author research associate Weiwei Zhong, who is now at Thermo Fisher. The research was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS057255, NS099596, NS091585), the Veterans Administration (RX001473), the O.Wayne Rollins Endowment fund and John E. Steinhaus Endowment fund.