image: Fluorescence in-situ hybridization image of neurons (blue) in the NTS of a rat brain showing the expression of the GLP-1R (red) on GABA neurons (green). view more
Credit: Penn Medicine
PHILADELPHIA--The U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug liraglutide has been shown to help obese patients lose weight by suppressing their appetite. However, where and how the drug acts in the brain was not fully understood, until now. A new preclinical study from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, published in Science Translational Medicine today, shows how liraglutide crosses the brain's blood barrier to engage with a region of the brainstem known as the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), which is responsible for balancing food intake and energy expenditure. Filling this gap meets a need that has become a priority for researchers looking for new treatments to help fight the increasing rates of obesity.
Liraglutide interacts with targets called glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1R) in various parts of the brain to suppress hunger. This is the first study to show how a distinct group of neurons that express GLP-1Rs within the NTS of the brainstem play a key role in mediating these effects.
"This discovery opens up the door for future obesity drug treatments that could be used in conjunction with this FDA-approved therapy to treat obesity," said senior author Matthew R. Hayes, PhD, an associate professor of Psychiatry at Penn. "The more we understand how drugs act, the more we can understand what other brain systems can be manipulated in combination with them to help patients lose more weight."
Liraglutide was first approved by the FDA in 2010 to improve blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. In late 2014, the FDA approved the drug to treat obesity after several clinical trials showed that patients on the drug lost an average of 8 percent of their body weight compared to those not on the drug. Today, five FDA-approved obesity drugs are available, but researchers are working to develop more, as the United States continues to battle rising rates of obesity. Nearly 70 percent of Americans are considered overweight or obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Liraglutide mimics a hormone known as GLP-1, which controls the amount of glucose in the body and helps regulate feeding behavior. The drug works by resisting enzymatic degradation and by activating the necessary GLP-1 receptors within the brain to help reduce a person's appetite, subsequently producing weight loss.
Hayes' lab focuses on ways to further exploit this hormone system. Here, the researchers used a "knockdown" adeno-associated virus technique to explore the NTS's role in the food intake and body weight-reducing effects of liraglutide. With this approach, the team significantly reduced the expression of GLP-1Rs within the NTS of adult rats and compared them to a control group to better understand the receptor's contribution to the effects of the drug.
The researchers found that reducing NTS GLP-1Rs weakened the effects of daily-administered liraglutide over three weeks in the rats. Liraglutide significantly reduced feeding in normal rats over the course of drug treatment. By contrast, the effects of liraglutide on food intake in rats with GLP-1R "knocked down" were less pronounced. In this group, liraglutide reduced food intake only during the first, but not second or third, week of drug treatment.
The researchers also administered fluorescently labeled liraglutide to rats in order to identify the drug's location in the brain, and visually confirmed it travels across the blood-brain barrier and shows presence in the NTS. To further investigate the cells in this region, researchers analyzed NTS tissue using an advanced technique known as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for expression of glutamate decarboxylase (Gad1) mRNA, a commonly used marker for a group of inhibitory neurons known as GABA neurons--which prevent cells in the brain from taking action.
The team confirmed the presence of GLP-1R on GABA neurons in the NTS and extended those findings by showing that more than 37 percent of the GLP-1R expressing neurons in the NTS are GABA neurons. The team also showed that selective blockade of these NTS GABA neurons was sufficient to block the food intake and body weight suppression produced by liraglutide, demonstrating the requirement of NTS GABA neurons in mediating the anti-obesity effects of this drug.
"We've narrowed in on the NTS to more fully understand how this site in the brain is critically important for body weight regulation," said first author Samantha M. Fortin, PhD, a postdoctoral research fellow in Hayes' lab. "Our finding that GABA neurons in the NTS are important for the anorectic effects of liraglutide may prove to be meaningful in the future. Other compounds or genetic manipulations that would target this distinct population of cells in the brain could be useful in treating obesity."
Hayes and his team are also investigating other GLP-1 drugs on the market and in combination with other pipeline anti-obesity drugs to see if their interaction continues to be mediated by the same GABA neurons in this region of the brainstem.
"The goal is to produce even more weight loss treatments," Hayes said. "And this work takes us closer to fully realizing a better treatment strategy for obesity."
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Co-authors on the study include Rachele K. Lipsky, Rinzin Lhamo, Jack Chen, Eun Kim, Tito Borner, and Heath D. Schmidt.
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH-DK120211, NIH-DK115762, NIH- R01 DA037897) and an investigator-initiated sponsored agreement from Novo Nordisk, the maker of Saxenda (liraglutide).
Penn Medicine is one of the world's leading academic medical centers, dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and excellence in patient care. Penn Medicine consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1765 as the nation's first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which together form a $7.8 billion enterprise.
The Perelman School of Medicine has been ranked among the top medical schools in the United States for more than 20 years, according to U.S. News & World Report's survey of research-oriented medical schools. The School is consistently among the nation's top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health, with $425 million awarded in the 2018 fiscal year.
The University of Pennsylvania Health System's patient care facilities include: the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Penn Presbyterian Medical Center--which are recognized as one of the nation's top "Honor Roll" hospitals by U.S. News & World Report--Chester County Hospital; Lancaster General Health; Penn Medicine Princeton Health; and Pennsylvania Hospital, the nation's first hospital, founded in 1751. Additional facilities and enterprises include Good Shepherd Penn Partners, Penn Home Care and Hospice Services, Lancaster Behavioral Health Hospital, and Princeton House Behavioral Health, among others.
Penn Medicine is powered by a talented and dedicated workforce of more than 40,000 people. The organization also has alliances with top community health systems across both Southeastern Pennsylvania and Southern New Jersey, creating more options for patients no matter where they live.
Journal
Science Translational Medicine