Workaholism: The addiction of this century

In spite of the many positive aspects of work, some people are unable to detach from it – working excessively and compulsively. These are called workaholics.

Postdoctoral Fellow Cecilie Schou Andreassen and colleagues from the Department of Psychosocial Science at the University of Bergen (UiB) in Norway has been the first to assess workaholism in a nationally representative sample.

According to Schou Andreassen, the "workaholism" concept has been studied by scholars for nearly 45 years. Still, reliable statistics on the prevalence of workaholism is hard to find. The research field primarily relies upon poor measures used in small non-representative samples from the United States.

Schou Andreassen is no stranger to this type of research, having previously developed an instrument to measure work addiction called the Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS). The BWAS is the first workaholism instrument that is based on core symptoms found in more traditional drug addictions; i.e., salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflict, relapse, problems.

Schou Andreassen and her research team have developed seven criteria to measure work addiction:

• You think of how you can free up more time to work.
• You spend much more time working than initially intended.
• You work in order to reduce feelings of guilt, anxiety, helplessness and/or depression.
• You have been told by others to cut down on work without listening to them.
• You become stressed if you are prohibited from working.
• You deprioritize hobbies, leisure activities, and/or exercise because of your work.
• You work so much that it has negatively influenced your health.

"If you reply 'often' or 'always' to at least four of these seven criteria, there is some indication that you may be a workaholic," says Schou Andreassen. "This is the first scale to use core symptoms of addiction found in other more traditional addictions."

The study found that 8.3 per cent of all Norwegians are addicted to work. There are, however, no differences between the genders. Both men and women tend to compulsively overwork.

"We did find that younger adults were affected to a greater extent than older workers," says Schou Andreassen. "However, workaholism seems unrelated to gender, education level, marital status or part-time versus full-time employment."

Those with caretaker responsibility for children living at home were more likely to be affected than those without children.

Workaholics scored higher on three personality traits:

• Agreeableness ("Mother Teresa" - typically altruistic, compliant, modest)
• Neuroticism ("Woody Allen" - typically nervous, hostile, impulsive)
• Intellect/imagination ("Columbus" - typically open for new impulses, inventive, action oriented)

Schou Andreassen points out that workaholism may have contradictory psychological, physiological, and social outcomes. As a significant group seemingly is affected, focus on this phenomenon is timely, especially among health professionals and researchers. But employers, politicians, legislators/lawyers, and journalists should also acknowledge the topic as well.

"As workaholism is not a formal diagnosis the development of treatment models and real treatment offers has been lacking. The fact that more than eight per cent of the general work population seems to suffer from workaholism underlines the need for proper treatment and other relevant interventions," says Cecilie Schou Andreassen.

About the study:

Examines the prevalence of workaholism in Norway, as well as associations between workaholism, socio-demographics and personality. A sample of 2,160 participants, aged 18-70 years old, was randomly drawn from the AA-registry of Norway (i.e., a central registry of all employers and employees in Norway) during 2012. According to Norwegian legislation, the National Insurance Act (§-25-1), it is mandatory for all employers to register workers being hired in the AA-registry when the employment lasts for more than seven days and comprise four hours or more of work per week. A total of 1,124 responded to the survey, yielding a response rate of 54.0%. Due to the way the sample was drawn, and the measures used, it is arguably a nationally representative sample of employees in Norway (the whole country), and first of its kind in workaholism research overall.

The project was conducted at the Department of Psychosocial Science at the University of Bergen, in collaboration with the Bergen Clinics Foundation, Norway; Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom; and Padova University, Italy.

Cecilie Schou Andreassen, PhD, currently holds a postdoctoral fellowship at the Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Norway. She also has an affiliation with the Bergen Clinics Foundation, Norway. Her main research interest concerns work and organizational psychology, but also chemical and non chemical addictions. Her research has been published in journals such as Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, Current Pharmaceutical Design, Stress & Health, European Journal of Personality, Psychology and Health, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Psychological Reports, Journal of Behavioral Addictions, etc. Besides her academic interest, Andreassen is a licensed Clinical Psychologist Specialist with special training in psychological work with drug abuse and addictive behaviours, and a member of Motivational Interviewing Network for Trainers. In addition, she has practiced as an organizational consultant for a decade providing her with a broad scientific, clinical as well as organizational experience.

The Article: Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J., Kravina, L., Jensen, F., & Pallesen, S. The prevalence of workaholism: A survey study in a nationally representative sample of Norwegian employees. PLOS ONE. Link: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0102446