image: Education was not related to rate of change in cortical volume. view more
Credit: Fredrik Magnussen, Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Norway
All brains shrink with age, and the dominant view has been that more education slows the rate of shrinking.
However, the evidence has been inconclusive because studies have not been able to track the rate of change over time. Until now.
Brains shrink at the same rate
Through the pooling of several European brain data sets from the Lifebrain consortium, the current study has been able to track brain changes in individuals over many years.
They found that whereas highly educated people have slightly larger brain volumes than less educated people, their brains shrink at the same rate throughout life.
“This finding suggests that higher education does not influence brain aging” says Lars Nyberg from Umeå University in Sweden, first author of the study and also a part of the Lifebrain consortium.
Measured brain shrinkage over time
The researchers measured brain aging by measuring the volume of the cortical mantle and hippocampus regions of the brain, in MRI scans from more than 2000 participants in the Lifebrain and UK biobanks. These areas of the brain are prone to shrinkage over time, as a natural part of aging. Participants’ brains were scanned up to three times over an 11 year period, in what is known as a “longitudinal” study.
“This is what makes this study unique,” says Nyberg. “The study is a large-scale longitudinal test, with replication across two independent samples, and is one of the largest of its kind.”
The researchers compared the rate of the shrinkage of these areas in people who had attained higher education before the age of 30 and those without. The participants ranged from 29-91 years of age.
Higher education is modestly related to bigger brains
Whereas the rate of brain change was similar in participants with and without high education, the researchers found that those with high education had slightly larger cortical volume in a few regions, but even in these regions the rate of change was unrelated to education.
“The study does not say that education is not important,” stresses Anders Fjell from the University of Oslo, also one of the main authors of the paper.
“Education is associated with advantages in life, but we cannot from this study say whether education caused these advantages. If people with high education have larger brains to begin with, this may delay the onset of dementia or other conditions associated with lower cognitive functioning,” says Fjell.
“The bottom line is that all people’s brains shrink eventually, but the rate of this shrinkage does not seem to be affected by how many years you spent in school,” concludes Fjell.
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About the Lifebrain consortium
Lifebrain is an EU-funded Horizon 2020 consortium integrating data from 6000 research participants collected in 11 European brain-imaging studies in 7 countries. The major goal of the project is to ensure a fuller exploitation, harmonization and enrichment of some of the largest longitudinal studies of age differences in brain and cognition in Europe.
About the study
Lars Nyberg serves as professor of neuroscience and director of the Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI) in Sweden, and as professor II at the Department of Psychology at the University of Oslo (Norway).
Anders Fjell serves as professor of cognitive psychology at the Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition at the Department of Psychology, University of Oslo (Norway), and as a researcher at Oslo University Hospital, Department of radiology and nuclear medicine.
The study was performed in collaboration with Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, University of Barcelona, University of Lübeck, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Vitas AS, University of Oxford, Université de Genève, University of Cambridge, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Oslo University Hospital and University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 732592.
Reference
Nyberg et al. Educational attainment does not influence brain aging. PNAS May 4, 2021 118 (18) e2101644118; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101644118
Journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences