A research team from Genethon, in collaboration with teams from CNRS/Inserm and from the biotechnology company Spark Therapeutics, announced today in Nature Medicine that it has succeeded in inhibiting the immune response induced by AAV antibodies present as a result of natural immunity or following gene therapy, thanks to the IdeS enzyme. This result opens up new therapeutic prospects and the possibility of treating more patients.
Gene therapy consists of injecting a therapeutic gene into an organism using a vector, a "means of transport" able to cross all biological barriers through the cell and into the nucleus. The most commonly used vectors are derived from viruses, such as AAVs (adeno-associated viruses), used particularly in gene therapy targeting the muscles, liver, eyes, etc. In many cases, once it comes into contact with this virus, the body develops immunoglobulins (IgG) known to be neutralising, i.e. specific antibodies that inhibit AAVs. It is considered that between 30% and 50% of humans are naturally immunized against most AAVs used for therapeutic purposes. As a result, a large number of patients cannot currently benefit from AAV gene therapy. Moreover, a first injection of an AAV leads to an immune response against the vector, precluding any subsequent AAV gene therapy.
Overcoming this impediment is an essential factor in treating the maximum number of patients. Therefore, the teams lead by Giuseppe Ronzitti, a Genethon researcher, Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes, a CNRS-Inserm researcher, and Federico Mingozzi from the biotechnology company Spark Therapeutics, have used animal models to test the efficacy of the IdeS enzyme, an endopeptidase that naturally reduces the action of antibodies, in order to neutralise the immune response due to IgG immunoglobulins.
The study was carried out in two steps: Researchers injected the IdeS enzyme into subjects with neutralizing anti-AAV IgG before injecting the gene therapy vector of the same serotype and then observed that the IdeS treatment neutralized the action of the antibodies. This first step provided proof of the efficacy of this approach for subjects with natural immunity.
Then, the teams tested this approach with a view to the possible reinjection of gene therapy drugs. So, they administered a first dose of AAV vector, then a second dose after injection of IdeS. They observed that IdeS, by reducing the level of circulating antibodies, allowed the re-administration of the vector.
These two studies demonstrate that treatment with IdeS allows repeated administration of AAV gene therapy. This is a significant and promising step forward in the treatment of rare genetic diseases because, if the efficacy of this technique is confirmed in humans, it will make it possible to treat patients at the first signs of the disease and to re-inject a gene therapy product if necessary.
"These studies should enable us to test this innovative approach in humans and thus, in the long term, to give AAV-positive patients the possibility of benefiting from gene therapy, despite the presence of antibodies. This could also make it possible to treat patients as soon as the first symptoms of the disease appear (affecting the liver, for example) and, if necessary, to re-administer the gene therapy treatment in an effective manner," stresses Christian Leborgne, research engineer at Genethon.
"This study represents an important step towards solving a complex and fundamental problem, namely the repeated administration of gene therapy treatments to patients who may need them, and also the treatment of patients who today are not eligible for gene therapy due to the existence of neutralizing antibodies in their systems. This study highlights, once again, the expertise of our researchers, who are imagining and developing new approaches to make gene therapy even more effective and to increase the number of patients able to access it," says Frédéric Revah, Chief Executive Officer of Genethon.
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Publication : IgG-cleaving endopeptidase enables in vivo gene therapy in the presence of anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies 2020, NatMed.
About Genethon
Genethon was created in 1990 by the AFM-Telethon with the donations from the first Telethons. The stakes at that stage were huge: deciphering the human genome, tracking down the genes responsible for genetic diseases and using this knowledge to make innovative drugs. Thirty years later, a first gene therapy drug, to which Genethon contributed, has obtained marketing authorization in the United States, Europe and Japan for spinal muscular atrophy. In addition, 7 products resulting from Genethon research and developed alone or in collaboration, are today in clinical trials for rare diseases involving eyesight, the liver, blood, the immune system and the muscles. A further 7 products are in the preparation phase for clinical trials over the next three years.
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Journal
Nature Medicine