A recent study from North Carolina State University finds that advanced wood-burning stoves designed for use in the developing world can reduce air pollution more than anticipated, because gaseous emissions from traditional wood stoves form more particulate matter in the atmosphere than researchers previously thought.
"Previous studies have looked solely at direct emissions from cookstoves," says Andrew Grieshop, an assistant professor of civil, construction and environmental engineering at NC State and corresponding author of a paper describing the work. "We've now done a series of experiments to determine what happens to those emissions while they are in the atmosphere."
At issue is particulate matter (PM): minute, airborne particles that can contribute to human health problems, such as asthma.
For this study, researchers tested three types of wood-burning stoves: traditional stoves; natural-draft stoves; and forced-draft stoves, which use battery-powered fans to improve combustion. The researchers collected emissions from each of the stoves and used an environmental chamber and a custom-built oxidation flow reactor to mimic the chemical reactions that would normally take place with the emissions over the course of up to two weeks in the atmosphere.
The researchers found that, while traditional stoves emitted an average of 6 grams of PM per kilogram of fuel burned (g/kg), that number jumps to an average of 14 g/kg when you include the PM that the emissions form over time, due to chemical reactions that take place in the atmosphere.
Natural-draft stoves, by comparison, produced an average of about 4 g/kg of PM - even after aging in the atmosphere. And forced-draft stoves produced less than 3 g/kg.
"All of this is based on lab measurements, which is important to note because previous studies have found that advanced stoves don't necessarily work as well in the field as they do in the lab," Grieshop says. "However, the study does tell us that looking solely at stove emissions at the point of use doesn't give us a full picture of what's going on. The effects of atmospheric chemistry are extremely important to understanding the potential air quality benefits."
And the effects of the stove technologies on global climate change are even more complicated.
Advanced stoves are more efficient than traditional ones. So, for example, advanced stoves require less wood to boil a pot of water. However, kilogram of wood for kilogram of wood, advanced stoves produce PM that absorbs more light than PM from traditional stoves, which produce more reflective PM. Absorbing PM can make a large contribution to atmospheric warming, while reflective PM can offset it.
"There are a lot of variables involved when it comes to evaluating the effects of these emissions on global climate change, but it's an interesting finding that should be taken into consideration when modeling the effect of both traditional and advanced stove technologies on the climate," Grieshop says.
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The paper, "Primary and photochemically aged aerosol emissions from biomass cookstoves: chemical and physical characterization," is published online in the journal Environmental Science & Technology. Lead author of the study is Stephen Reece, a former master's student at NC State. The paper was co-authored by Aditya Sinha, a Ph.D. student at NC State. The work was done with support from the National Science Foundation, under grant number CBET-13-51721.
Note to Editors: The study abstract follows.
"Primary and photochemically aged aerosol emissions from biomass cookstoves: chemical and physical characterization"
Authors: Stephen M. Reece, Aditya Sinha, and Andrew P. Grieshop, North Carolina State University
Published: June 22, Environmental Science & Technology
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01881
Abstract: Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation during photo-oxidation of primary emissions from cookstoves used in developing countries may make important contributions to their climate and air quality impacts. We present results from laboratory experiments with a field portable oxidation flow reactor (F-OFR) to study the evolution of emissions over hours to weeks of equivalent atmospheric aging. Lab tests, using dry red oak, measured fresh and aged emissions from a 3 stone fire (TSF), a "rocket" natural draft stove (NDS) and a forced draft gasifier stove (FDGS), in order of increasing modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and decreasing particulate matter emission factors (EF). SOA production was observed for all stoves/tests; organic aerosol (OA) enhancement factor ranged from 1.2 to 3.1, decreasing with increased MCE. In primary emissions, OA mass spectral fragments associated with oxygenated species (primary biomass burning markers) increased (decreased) with MCE; fresh OA from FDGS combustion was especially oxygenated. OA oxygenation increased with further oxidation for all stove emissions, even where minimal enhancement was observed. More efficient stoves emit particles with greater net direct specific warming than TSFs, with the difference increasing with aging. Our results show that the properties and evolution of cookstove emissions are a strong function of combustion efficiency and atmospheric aging.