image: L4 migration. (A) Heatmap summarizing the overall migration load between continents as inferred in BASTA. (B) Temporal overview of L4 migration out of Europe. The establishment of strains of interest discussed in the text is highlighted. As the exact timing of the first American migrations was uncertain, the mean of the first three inferred migration events to each of the two subcontinents is reported as an approximation of the earliest migration events to the Americas. (C) Out-of-Europe migration to Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America over time. The plots also show within-continent migration/transmission in the receiving continents to illustrate the relative importance of repeated L4 import on continental L4 load over time. SE, southeast. This material relates to a paper that appeared in the Oct. 17th, 2018, issue of Science Advances, published by AAAS. The paper, by O.B. Brynildsrud at Norwegian Institute of Public Health in Oslo, Norway, and colleagues was titled, "Global expansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 shaped by colonial migration and local adaptation." view more
Credit: [Credit: Brynildsrud <em>et al.</em>, <i>Sci. Adv</i>. 2018; 4 : eaat5869]