image: Joshua Stein, front, a Sandia National Laboratories engineer and director of a new Perovskite Photovoltaic Accelerator for Commercializing Technologies Center, and Charles Robinson, a Sandia technologist, examine a solar module. The new center will determine the best performance and reliability tests for perovskite solar modules. view more
Credit: Photo by Randy Montoya/Sandia National Laboratories
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. -- The Department of Energy recently awarded $14 million to form a Sandia National Laboratories-led center to improve the understanding of perovskite-based photovoltaic technologies and determine the best tests to evaluate the new solar panels' lifetimes.
The efficiency of perovskite-based solar cells has reached 25%, approaching the levels of common crystalline silicon-based solar cells. Perovskite solar cells use common starting materials and can be produced at much lower temperature using more standard methods, said Joshua Stein, a Sandia systems engineer and director of the new center. This means perovskite-based solar panels have the potential to be significantly cheaper and less energy-intensive to manufacture compared with silicon solar cells.
However, perovskite-based photovoltaic technologies still have several challenges to overcome before they can compete against conventional solar panels. The Perovskite Photovoltaic Accelerator for Commercializing Technologies Center aims to offer solutions to these challenges.
"If we want to meet the U.S.'s goals of increasing the amount of power from renewable energy, we're going to need a lot more manufacturing capacity," Stein said. "Perovskite photovoltaic technologies may provide a pathway to low-cost manufacturing, but there is still much that is unknown about this technology, especially in terms of outdoor performance and reliability. The center will field-test and monitor this technology using a common set of testing protocols so that every device can be fairly compared."
The center, which also includes National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Black and Veatch, will serve as a neutral evaluator of technologies and companies and will have three primary focuses to help companies quantify and characterize risks related to performance, reliability and bankability.
Performance: Developing a common rubric
Perovskite solar cells can be made of a wide variety of chemicals and using numerous methods. This variability is a strength but can also make it challenging to compare the performance characteristics, such as energy efficiencies at different light conditions or operating temperatures. A solar cell is a small device that captures sunlight and converts it into electricity. A solar module is made up of multiple solar cells connected and integrated together.
"Right now, it's like the Wild West," said Stein, who has led the photovoltaic performance modeling collaborative for the past decade. "There are no established standards or test protocols for assessing perovskite solar modules. We would like to craft a clear set of test protocols that have been validated and vetted by the industry to create a rubric or set of goal posts, so that companies that are getting into perovskite solar technologies know what they need to do."
Within the first year, the team wants to test at least 30 perovskite modules outside at Sandia's Photovoltaic Systems Evaluation Laboratory and NREL. Eventually they hope to expand performance testing to at least 50 kilowatts of perovskite-based photovoltaic modules and full systems.
Reliability: Withstanding the tests of time
The center also is focused on determining the reliability of perovskite solar modules, or how they perform in the field over a long time and how they begin to degrade, said Laura Schelhas, a research scientist and group manager at NREL and deputy director of the center.
"NREL's role in leading the reliability focus area is to provide a lot of the scientific basis behind understanding reliability in perovskite-based solar modules," said Schelhas. "This means looking at the degradation of these materials in contrast to traditional solar cell materials, what is causing this degradation, how to test for it and how to accelerate it in a meaningful way for the tests."
Researchers use accelerated testing protocols -- like exposing modules to high humidity or intense ultraviolet light, or rapidly switching between hot daytime and cool nighttime temperatures-- to "kind of look into the future and predict the long-term reliability of these panels in the real world without having to wait 30 years," Schelhas said.
The researchers will compare the results from the lab-based accelerated tests to real-world field-based tests to ensure that their reliability tests are accurate.
Another goal for the center is to show that tests conducted at NREL and CFV Labs, an Albuquerque-based commercial photovoltaic testing lab and also part of the center, produce very similar results from identical solar modules. Stein added, "If you're going to develop standards, you have to make sure that commercial companies can run those standard tests."
Bankability: Ensuring a safe investment
"Bankability is providing independent assessments of the technology and company so that banks and other investors can trust that the technology will work and last," said Ralph Romero, senior managing director of Black and Veatch Management Consulting's Bankability practice
"Support from this center will allow technology developers to overcome the challenges that are hindering the development of the technology today," Romero said. "Specifically, I see this center as a way for technology developers, who generally don't have a strong commercial background, to receive invaluable guidance on what they need to achieve to be commercially successful."
Within two years, the goal is to conduct bankability roadmaps for at least two perovskite-based photovoltaic companies. This will help them plot their paths to commercialization. By the fourth year, they plan to conduct complete bankability assessments of at least two companies.
A complete bankability assessment takes about six months and looks at the design of the new product, its performance and reliability, the manufacturing process, the installation and maintenance process for the product and the company overall, Romero added.
"The DOE has made this investment to create an independent and neutral assessment center," Schelhas said. "The partnership between Sandia and NREL is really powerful. At NREL we have a lot of experience with perovskite technology and Sandia has years of experience with field testing. Together we can provide that independent assessment of the technology. Hopefully, this will lead to U.S. manufacturing of perovskite solar panels."
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Institutions involved in the center are Sandia, NREL, Black and Veatch, CFV Labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration. Sandia Labs has major research and development responsibilities in nuclear deterrence, global security, defense, energy technologies and economic competitiveness, with main facilities in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Livermore, California.