Even among flies, mating is a complicated ritual. Their elaborate courtship dance combines multiple motor skills with advanced sensory cues. Remarkably this behavior is entirely innate. Now, researchers at Rockefeller University have determined that the Abdominal-B (Abd-B) gene, previously known as the gene that sculpts the posterior parts of the developing fly, is also important for this complex behavior, at least in the case of female flies (Drosophila melanogaster).
The Abd-B gene is needed for the development of neurons that decide whether or not a female fly becomes receptive to sexual advances from a male of her species. Their findings, from Leslie B. Vosshall's Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, appear July 2 in the journal Current Biology, and are the first to uncover this genetic link to receptivity. Vosshall is Robin Chemers Neustein Professor and is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.
"Female fly receptivity is hardwired into the nervous system by genetic programing, and we have identified a gene and neurons responsible for a major part of this behavior," says Jennifer J. Bussell, lead author of the study and a former graduate student in the lab. "Our results provide an entry point into understanding the complex neural circuitry that drives courtship behavior on the female side of the equation."
Flies are a useful scientific tool for studying genetics, particularly the genetics of behavior. In the present study, the researchers link Abd-B to a set of neurons that control a specific behavior, namely receptivity to sexual advances. According to the researchers it is an example of how innate behaviors are often controlled by bundling neurons into modular units, examples of which can be seen repurposed across species, from flies to rodents — and possibly even humans.
"Neurons can act as modules controlling different components of a behavior, and the modules can be used differently by the two sexes," Bussell says. "The Abd-B neurons might be a module for the components of female receptivity."
In choosing their mates, male and female flies take part in an elaborate courtship ritual. Until recently, researchers have primarily focused on the showier behavior of the males, who actively court females through pursuit and song — extending a single wing and tapping out notes of woo to potential mates.
"Because the male courtship routine was so obviously complex, it was previously thought that the role of the female was a matter of passive acceptance," says Bussell. "In fact, according to our studies, it turns out that there is much more going on than a simple yes or no from females."
The Rockefeller team took a detailed look at what constitutes female receptivity. First, the female fly must slow down periodically to allow the pursuing male to catch up — a behavior the researchers called "pausing." Second, she must open the "vaginal plates" of her exoskeleton to allow access to her genitalia.
To determine which gene or genes controls this behavior, the researchers employed a technique called RNA interference — using small segments of RNA to silence individual genes throughout the entire fly genome, but doing so only in neural cells. In silencing a gene, researchers can see the effect of that gene on the organism, much like flipping the circuit breaker on an unlabeled electrical panel to see which lights turn off in a house.
Using a strain of fly that allowed them to easily assess neuronal behavior, the researchers were able to link Abd-B activation to a set of 150 neurons connected primarily to the genitalia and the abdominal ganglion, a cluster of nerves found at the bottom of the Drosophila nerve cord, which is a structure roughly analogous to the human spinal column. These Abd-B neurons, they found, were crucial to the pause response in courtship.
"We found that silencing Abd-B neurons directly decreased the pausing behavior during courtship, but was a separate component from the opening of vaginal plates," Bussell says.
From controlled observational studies, they discovered that the male courtship song alone could not get the females to "pause." The exact mechanism by which Abd-B neurons control pausing remains unknown, but their findings suggest that Abd-B neurons play a role in translating sensory input from the male's courtship behavior into the physical response of pausing.
So, the activity of Abd-B neurons depends entirely on the female fly receiving just the right amount of stimulus from the male's song and dance routine—a gut response to the male's qualities, perhaps. Or, at least, a response from the abdominal ganglion.
About Rockefeller University
Founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1901, The Rockefeller University was this nation's first biomedical research institution. Hallmarks of the university include a research environment that provides scientists with the support they need to do imaginative science and a truly international graduate program that is unmatched for the freedom and resources it provides students to develop their capacities for innovative research. The Rockefeller University Hospital, founded in 1910 as the first center for clinical research in the United States, remains a place where researchers combine laboratory investigations with bedside observations to provide a scientific basis for disease detection, prevention, and treatment. Since the institution's founding, Rockefeller University has been the site of many important scientific breakthroughs. Rockefeller scientists, for example, established that DNA is the chemical basis of heredity, identified the weight-regulating hormone leptin, discovered blood groups, showed that viruses can cause cancer, founded the modern field of cell biology, worked out the structure of antibodies, devised the AIDS "cocktail" drug therapy, and developed methadone maintenance for people addicted to heroin. Throughout Rockefeller's history, 24 scientists associated with the university have received the Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine and chemistry, and 21 scientists associated with the university have been honored with the Albert Lasker Medical Research Award. Five Rockefeller University scientists have been named MacArthur Foundation Fellows, and 20 have garnered the National Medal of Science. Currently, the university's award-winning faculty includes five Nobel laureates, seven Lasker Award winners and three recipients of the National Medal of Science. Thirty-four of the faculty members are elected members of the National Academy of Sciences. For more information, go to http://www.rockefeller.edu.
Journal
Current Biology