image: Lars Grabow is Dan Luss Professor at the Cullen College of Engineering at the University of Houston. view more
Credit: University of Houston
Lars Grabow at the University of Houston received a $2,091,874 award from the U.S. Department of Energy to develop the technology for a catalytic to produce acrylonitrile in small modular reactors near geographically distributed carbon fiber plants, meaning cheaper products with reduced energy costs.
The bulk of U.S. petrochemical feedstocks are located on the U.S. Gulf Coast, in close proximity to upstream products such as oil and natural gas, as well as refineries, reducing the cost of logistics. Additionally, most ports and terminals for import and export are located along the Gulf Coast to facilitate intrastate barge and international vessel movements.
While the location offers many advantages, disruptive weather events like hurricanes, freezes and floods -- particularly in recent years -- often push Gulf Coast facilities offline. Manufactures responsible for producing end-products, or derivatives, of these main petrochemicals often see feedstocks stranded during these seasonal force majeure events and their production halted due to a bottleneck hundreds or even thousands of miles away.
This is the story of the U.S. carbon fiber market. Carbon fiber is a strong but lightweight material used in high-performance products such as sporting equipment, aircrafts and racecars. This ubiquitous material is made from the feedstock acrylonitrile produced on the Gulf Coast, but most carbon fiber manufacturing facilities are located on the East and West Coasts. The challenge of bringing acrylonitrile (ACN) production closer to carbon fiber production facilities is a question of upstream feedstock access, safety, affordability and optimal catalytic flexibility to optimize acrylonitrile production.
But a solution may be on the horizon.
Lars Grabow, Dan Luss Professor at the Cullen College of Engineering at the University of Houston and principal investigator, received a $2,091,874 award from the U.S. Department of Energy to resolve this industry pain point by engineering a dynamic process using small reactors near geographically distributed carbon fiber plants that would effectively bring feedstock acrylonitrile production onsite. Grabow will work in tandem with team members from Idaho National Laboratory, the University of Virginia, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and KX2 Development.
The ingenuity behind how this innovative, ACN-producing reactor works is not dissimilar to how your car works.
"Most people are familiar with how the 3-way catalytic converter in a car converts carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water. This inspires the research we are doing," said Grabow.
"Car engines are dynamically operated and undergo different driving cycles. To maintain optimal performance of the engine and the 3-way catalytic converter under all driving conditions a lambda sensor (oxygen sensor) is used to control and continuously adjust the air to fuel ratio. We have evidence that this externally forced dynamic operation between more fuel-rich versus oxygen-rich states can improve the performance of these smaller reactors."
This has not been previously done in larger-scale petrochemical units because the concentration of large flow rates cannot be altered quickly, limiting flexibility capabilities. But smaller reactors have more flexibility and shorter response times, such that small pulses of oxidant can be delivered as needed and leveraged to improve the kinetics and performance of the overall process.
The development of small-scale reactors onsite also means improved safety opportunities for ACN productions, as the feedstock is a highly explosive chemical that presents high risks during transportation.
On top of strategic geographic access to feedstock and improved safety, the potential of these small-scale modular reactors also points to improved affordability, which speaks volumes for a typically energy-intensive and therefore costly production process for ACN.
"Our process involves periodically switching the oxidation and reduction state of the catalyst surface to speed up the overall catalytic cycle," said Grabow. "In the first 18 months of funding we are aiming to demonstrate a 20°C reduction in reaction temperature while maintaining identical ACN yield, but there will likely be room for more."
The production process for ACN using this innovative process can even utilize biomass as a feedstock as opposed to petrochemicals generated from fossil fuels - a step toward improving the energy mix in the energy transition.
But varied feedstocks are not the only flexible factor of this new production process. Improved yield of acrylonitrile versus its poisonous byproducts is another aim of this project, as well as improved lifecycle of the catalyst.
"There are indications that by changing the frequency of lean/rich cycling you can change product distribution, and favor selectivity and yield to the desired product," said Grabow. "We are looking to find the right frequencies that produce the desirable product - acrylonitrile - versus a byproduct, such as hydrogen cyanide, which is a poison."
The catalyst for acrylonitrile, promoted bismuth molybdate, lasts with regeneration periods about ten years.
"The cycling done to lower the temperature in our dynamic process can also be used to regenerate the catalyst while it is in use," said Grabow. "This continuous regeneration would eliminate production downtimes due to catalyst deactivation. One of the first steps we take in this project will be to establish the opportunities and limits of dynamic operation."
The multifaceted benefits of this project would provide a myriad of solutions to several pain points in the carbon fiber market industry, ultimately leading to a cheaper, safer product for the average person.
And the chemistry of it all is akin to making your car go. Who'd have thought?
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