- The global burden of Group B streptococcus is far higher than previously recognised, linked to over half a million preterm births annually, as well as leading to nearly 100,000 newborn deaths, at least 46,000 stillbirths, and significant long-term disability.
- Although the bacterium is harmless for most pregnant women who carry it, it can be extremely serious when it passes to babies during pregnancy, childbirth or in the early weeks of life.
- New vaccines are urgently needed to reduce deaths associated with Group B strep and protect the lives and health of infants around the world.
A new report from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) reveals the alarming global impact of Group B streptococcus (GBS) – a common bacterium that can be transmitted in the womb, during birth, or in the early weeks of life – leading to around 150,000 deaths of babies each year, more than half a million preterm births and significant long-term disability.
The report calls urgently for the development of maternal vaccines against GBS to reduce this toll, emphasising they could be highly cost-effective – with significant health benefits – in all regions of the world.
Dr Phillipp Lambach, Medical Officer from WHO’s Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals department, and report author, said: “This new research shows that Group B strep is a major and underappreciated threat to newborn survival and wellbeing, bringing devastating impacts for so many families globally. WHO joins partners in calling for urgent development of a maternal GBS vaccine, which would have profound benefits in countries worldwide.”
For the first time, this new research quantifies the major contribution of GBS to preterm births, as well as neurological impairments – such as cerebral palsy, hearing and vision loss – that can occur following GBS-associated infections.
Several GBS vaccine candidates are in development but none are yet available, despite having been in the pipeline for several decades.
Professor Joy Lawn, Director of the Maternal Adolescent Reproductive & Child Health (MARCH) Centre at LSHTM, and a contributor to the report, said: “Group B strep infection poses a serious challenge to every family affected, and in every country. Maternal vaccination could save the lives of hundreds of thousands of babies in the years to come, yet 30 years since this was first proposed, the world has not delivered a vaccine. Now is the time to act to protect the world’s most vulnerable citizens with a GBS vaccine.”
An average of 15% of all pregnant women worldwide – nearly 20 million annually – carry the GBS bacterium in their vagina, usually without symptoms. It can then spread from a pregnant woman to her unborn baby in the womb, or to newborns during labour.
Currently antibiotic prophylaxis administered to a woman during labour is the main means of preventing GBS disease in newborn infants, if the bacterium is detected during pregnancy. However, even in regions with high prophylactic coverage, there remain significant health risks, since this intervention is unlikely to prevent most GBS associated stillbirths, preterm births, or GBS disease that occurs later after birth.
Importantly the largest burden of GBS is in low- and middle-income countries, where screening and intrapartum antibiotic administration are most challenging to implement, and a vaccine is therefore most urgently needed. The highest rates of maternal GBS are found in sub-Saharan Africa (accounting for around half of the global burden), and Eastern and South-Eastern Asia.
Dr Martina Lukong Baye, Coordinator of the National Multisector Programme to Combat Maternal, Newborn & Child Mortality at the Ministry of Public Health in Cameroon, also a contributor to the report, said: “A new maternal vaccine against GBS would be a game-changer in the reduction of newborn and maternal deaths for the most affected countries - especially sub-Saharan Africa where the burden of these deaths is alarming. We plead to all stakeholders to treat this as a matter of moral priority.”
Debbie Forwood, whose daughter Ada was stillborn after they both developed a GBS infection, said: “It is difficult to describe the breadth or depth of the grief when your child dies, or the accompanying guilt, and how it changes you, your family, and your relationships forever. Only a GBS vaccine could have saved Ada. When a vaccine can be widely rolled out, I will weep and scream with the unfairness that it came too late for her, and for all the other babies who are needlessly suffering and dying every year that it is delayed. But I will also weep with joy that in the future, many more will live, and their families will be saved from the living hell that is the death of a child.”
The report calls for researchers, vaccine developers and funders to accelerate development of an effective GBS vaccine that could be administered to pregnant women during routine pregnancy check-ups.
Estimates suggest that if GBS vaccination reached over 70% of pregnant women, then over 50,000 GBS-related deaths could be averted annually - as well as over 170,000 preterm births. According to the report, the net monetary benefits from a year of maternal GBS vaccination could reach as high as $17 billion – accruing over several years - if vaccines are affordably priced.
The report highlights important data gaps which lead to some uncertainty around the total burden of deaths and disease caused by GBS. Infectious causes of stillbirths, for instance, are often under-investigated across countries, meaning the true contribution of GBS may be even higher still.
This report was launched at the global conference on GBS, the ISSAD conference being held by WHO and LSHTM from Wednesday 3 November to Friday 5 November 2021. This conference aims to mobilise researchers on how to close data gaps and accelerate science to reduce the impacts of this life-threatening bacterium worldwide.
ENDS
For more information or interview requests, please contact Tilly Haynes, press@lshtm.ac.uk, Laura Keenan, keenanl@who.int and mediainquiries@who.int.
Multimedia:
Photographs and assets related to this report and the ISSAD conference can be found here.
Publication details:
Post-embargo details for WHO-LSHTM joint report: www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/immunization-analysis-and-insights/vaccine-impact-value/group-b-streptococcus-full-value-of-vaccine-assessment
Post-embargo details of CID supplement: https://academic.oup.com/cid/pages/strep-b-worldwide
Embargoed copies of the report and CID papers can also be found here.
Notes to Editors:
Annual burden of GBS in numbers for the year 2020
- 19,700,000 pregnant women colonised with Group B strep
- 518,000 GBS-associated preterm births
- 390,000 infant GBS cases
- 91,000 newborn deaths
- 46,000+ stillbirths
- 40,000 infants living with neurological impairment following GBS-associated infections
About the report and linked papers
The global value of Group B streptococcus vaccine report updates the current global estimates of the GBS burden, first published in 2017 by WHO with LSHTM, and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For the first time, these new estimates include data on preterm births associated with GBS, as well as the risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in GBS survivors, based on new data from Denmark and five low- and middle-income countries (Argentine, India, Kenya, Mozambique and South Africa).
Associated with this report, a series of nine papers carried out by 61 authors from 6 continents have been published in the Clinical Infectious Disease journal supplement – ‘Every Country, Every Family: Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide’. These papers provide more in-depth data on GBS, as well as the acute costs of GBS illness for families. Two WHO-led papers reveal programmatic readiness for uptake of a vaccine and more on the market size and sustainability.
This report is the first outcome of the ‘Defeating Meningitis by 2030’ roadmap developed by WHO and partners, including LSHTM.
About ISSAD
ISSAD2021 (International Symposium on Streptococcus agalactiae Disease) is a global conference on Group B Strep: Accelerating evidence-based action, for every family, everywhere. It is being held by the World Health Organization and the Vaccine Centre and MARCH (Maternal Adolescent Reproductive & Child Health) Centre from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. The conference is free to register online at ISSAD.org, taking place from Wednesday 3 November to Friday 5 November.
About LSHTM
The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) is a world-leading centre for research, postgraduate studies and continuing education in public and global health. LSHTM has a strong international presence with over 3,500 staff and 5,000 students working in the UK and countries around the world, and an annual research income of £180 million.
LSHTM is one of the highest-rated research institutions in the UK, is partnered with two MRC University Units in The Gambia and Uganda, and was named University of the Year in the Times Higher Education Awards 2016. Our mission is to improve health and health equity in the UK and worldwide; working in partnership to achieve excellence in public and global health research, education and translation of knowledge into policy and practice.
Follow @LSHTM on Twitter/Listen to LSHTM Viral Podcast
About WHO
Founded in 1948, WHO is the United Nations agency that connects nations, partners and people to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable – so everyone, everywhere can attain the highest level of health.