Study finds new pollutants associated with an altered ratio of baby boys to girls

Changes in the human sex ratio at birth—defined as the percentage of newborns that are boys—are associated with the presence of air and water pollutants, but are not predictably associated with seasonality or weather, according to a new study of more than 6 million births in the US and Sweden. The study, led by Andrey Rzhetsky of the University of Chicago, is publishing December 2^nd in the journal PLOS Computational Biology.

For years, people have had ideas—some in the realm of old wives’ tales, and others backed up by small datasets—about what influences the ratio of baby boys to baby girls, which fluctuates over time. At a biological level, the sex ratio at birth (SRB) can be affected by hormonal factors that specifically terminate female or male embryos during pregnancy. Past studies have suggested pollutants, changes in weather, and psychological stress as possibly changing the SRB, but most studies have focused on just one or two factors at a time.

In the new work, the researchers analyzed records from the IBM Health MarketScan insurance claim dataset on more than 3 million births in the US from 2003 to 2011, as well as records on more than 3 million births in the Swedish National Patient Registry from 1983 to 2013. Additional information on weather and pollutants at the time of each birth was available from other national databases.

According to the new analysis, changes to the SRB were not associated with seasons, ambient temperature, violent crime rates, unemployment rates, or commute times. There were numerous pollutants, however, that were found to be associated with changes to the SRB—some increasing the ratio of boys and others decreasing it. These pollutants included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), iron, lead, mercury, carbon monoxide and aluminum in the air, and chromium and arsenic in water. Other factors found to have an association with the SRB included extreme droughts, traffic fatality rates, industrial permits, and vacant units in an area. When the researchers tested links between two stressful events in the US and the SRB in nearby areas, they found no association between Hurricane Katrina and the local SRB but a significant association in the case of the Virginia Tech shooting.

The study could not determine whether or not the pollutants actually caused the observed changes in the SRB. “Ideally, each SRB-pollutant association could now be followed up with experimental work using human cell lines to dissect the underlying mechanism,” Rzhetsky says. They also say the results could encourage policymakers to “decide to make steps toward reducing environmental pollution.”

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In your coverage, please use this URL to provide access to the freely available article in PLOS Computational Biology: https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009586

Citation: Long Y, Chen Q, Larsson H, Rzhetsky A (2021) Observable variations in human sex ratio at birth. PLoS Comput Biol 17(12): e1009586. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009586

Author Countries: United States, Sweden

Funding: A.R. was funded by the DARPA Big Mechanism program under ARO contract W911NF1410333, by National Institutes of Health grants R01HL122712, 1P50MH094267, and U01HL108634-01, and by a gift from Liz and Kent Dauten. Additional support for A.R. came from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), awards number FCS/1/4102-02-01, FCC/1/1976-26-01, REI/1/0018-01-01, and REI/1/4473-01-01. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.