During evolution, one of the main developments of organisms was the ability to extract oxygen from the environment and carry it to each cell in multicellular organisms in time through metabolism. Life on Earth depends on the supply of oxygen for respiration, the process of producing energy in the form of ATP in cells. In its fundamental state, molecular oxygen O2 is not very reactive, however, reactivity may be increased by spin inversion in one of its electrons from its external orbital either to form singlet oxygen or by sequential and univalent reduction to yield oxygen free radicals (O.-2, HO. 2, H2O2, .OH, RO., ROO., 1ΔgO2). There are enzymes involved in the oxidation-reduction processes in which the free energy changes are proportional to the tendency of the reactants to donate or accept electrons. This book presents and analyses evidence of the high enzymatic reactivity of reactive oxygen species, their sources, formation mechanisms, reaction centers, oxidation-reduction reactions, cell respiration chemistry, enzymatic kinetics, electron transport chain mitochondrial and chloroplast, oxidation-reduction potential, reaction constants, reaction velocity and reaction mechanisms involved, cellular cytotoxicity, antioxidant defense mechanisms in plants and animals, response of plants to conditions of environmental stress, xenobiotic, and the thermodynamics inherent to oxygen metabolism. The chapter on flavonoids is a paradoxical of this high reactive affinity of the reactive oxygen species for enzymes. Here is presented and analyzed the scientific evidence of how flavonoids being mainly antioxidant molecules or trappers of reactive oxygen species, in the end and due to the whole metabolic process mediated by enzymes, they become promoters of these same reactive oxygen species-ROS.
The book also features a chapter on flavonoids which highlights a paradoxical facet of the affinity of reactive oxygen species for enzymes. Flavonoids are mainly antioxidant molecules as they act as trappers of reactive oxygen species. The chapter informs readers about the metabolic pathways mediated by enzymes through which flavonoids become promoters of these same reactive oxygen species. All chapters present the subject in a simple, analytical format, while highlighting the scientific evidence gathered by researchers so far. The volume is an interesting reference for scholars learning about the biochemistry and enzymology of oxygen and its free radical derivatives.
About the Editor/ Author:
Dr. Cecilia Espindola has an academic and professional background that has allowed her to work as an outstanding professor in several public and private universities in Colombia, at graduate and postgraduate levels in the areas of Biology, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Physiochemistry and Nano medicine. Dr. Espindola has received training at the doctoral level in several universities in Spain in the areas of Biochemistry and Chemistry and has doctoral studies in Chemistry. She has been director of the Biology Program and National Coordinator of the elaboration of the Higher Education Quality Examinations and works in research and training of Ph.D. students. Dr. Espindola has advised research projects on the conservation of medicinal plants of the native flora of the countries of the Andrés Bello Agreement. She has presented at several international congresses on reactive oxygen species -ROS and flavonoids.
Keywords:
Reactive Oxygen Species, Enzymatic Reactivity of Oxygen, Superoxide Anion, Radical, Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain, Oxidation Reduction, Peroxide, Cytochrome C, Xenobiotic, Fenton Reaction, Superoxide dismutase, antioxidant plant defense system, pro-oxidant mechanism of Flavonoids
For more Information, Please visit: https://bit.ly/3xWgP4F