Peer-reviewed / Observational and modelling study / People
- First comprehensive analysis forecasts dementia prevalence in 195 countries and territories and examines the impact of expected trends in exposure to four important risk factors—smoking, obesity, high blood sugar, and low education.
- By 2050, 153 million people are expected to be living with dementia worldwide, up from 57 million in 2019, largely due to population growth and population ageing.
- Dementia cases will rise in every country, with the smallest estimated increases in high-income Asia Pacific (53%) and western Europe (74%), and the largest growth in north Africa and the Middle East (367%) and eastern sub-Saharan Africa (357%).
- Experts project that improved access to education could lead to 6 million fewer cases of dementia worldwide by 2050.
- However, they caution that this decrease would be offset by a projected 7 million additional dementia cases linked to projected rates of obesity, high blood sugar, and smoking.
Authors call for more aggressive prevention efforts to reduce dementia risk through lifestyle factors, such as education, diet, and exercise, as well as by expanding much-needed health and social care resources.
**Country-level data available – see notes to editors**
The number of adults (aged 40 years and older) living with dementia worldwide is expected to nearly triple, from an estimated 57 million in 2019 to 153 million in 2050, due primarily to population growth and population ageing. The Global Burden of Disease study is the first to provide forecasting estimates for 204 countries worldwide, and is published in The Lancet Public Health.
The study also looks at four risk factors for dementia—smoking, obesity, high blood sugar, and low education—and highlights the impact they will have on future trends. For example, improvements in global education access are projected to reduce dementia prevalence by 6·2 million cases worldwide by 2050. But this will be countered by anticipated trends in obesity, high blood sugar, and smoking, which are expected to result in an additional 6·8 million dementia cases.
The authors highlight the urgent need to rollout locally tailored interventions that reduce risk factor exposure, alongside research to discover effective disease-modifying treatments and new modifiable risk factors to reduce the future burden of disease.
“Our study offers improved forecasts for dementia on a global scale as well as the country-level, giving policy makers and public health experts new insights to understand the drivers of these increases, based on the best available data”, says lead author Emma Nichols from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington, USA. “These estimates can be used by national governments to make sure resources and support are available for individuals, caregivers, and health systems globally.” [1]
She continues, “At the same time, we need to focus more on prevention and control of risk factors before they result in dementia. Even modest advances in preventing dementia or delaying its progression would pay remarkable dividends. To have the greatest impact, we need to reduce exposure to the leading risk factors in each country. For most, this means scaling up locally appropriate, low-cost programmes that support healthier diets, more exercise, quitting smoking, and better access to education. And it also means continuing to invest in research to identify effective treatments to stop, slow, or prevent dementia.” [1]
Dementia is currently the seventh leading cause of death worldwide and one of the major causes of disability and dependency among older people globally—with global costs in 2019 estimated at more than US$1 trillion [2]. Although dementia mainly affects older people, it is not an inevitable consequence of ageing. A Lancet Commission published in 2020 suggested that up to 40% of dementia cases could be prevented or delayed if exposure to 12 known risk factors were eliminated—low education, high blood pressure, hearing impairment, smoking, midlife obesity, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes, social isolation, excessive alcohol consumption, head injury, and air pollution [3].
The study predicts that the greatest increase in prevalence will occur in eastern sub-Saharan Africa, where the number of people living with dementia is expected to climb by 357% , from nearly 660 000 in 2019 to more than 3 million in 2050, mainly driven by population growth—with Djibouti (473%), Ethiopia (443%), and south Sudan (396%) seeing the greatest increases. Similarly, in north Africa and the Middle East, cases are predicted to grow by 367%, from almost 3 million to nearly 14 million, with particularly large increases in Qatar (1926%), the United Arab Emirates (1795%), and Bahrain (1084%; table 1).
By contrast, the smallest increase in the number of dementia cases is projected in high-income Asia Pacific, where the number of cases is expected to grow by 53%, from 4·8 million in 2019 to 7·4 million in 2050—with a particularly small increase in Japan (27%). In this region, the risk of dementia for each age group is expected to fall, suggesting that preventive measures, including improvements in education and healthy lifestyles are having an impact.
Similarly, in western Europe, the number of dementia cases is expected to rise by 74%, from almost 8 million in 2019 to nearly 14 million in 2050 (table 1). Relatively small increases in cases are expected in Greece (45%), Italy (56%), Finland (58%), Sweden (62%), and Germany (65%). In the UK, the number of dementia cases is projected to increase by 75%, from just over 907 000 in 2019 to almost 1·6 million in 2050.
Globally, more women are affected by dementia than men. In 2019, women with dementia outnumbered men with dementia 100 to 69. And this pattern is expected to remain in 2050. “It’s not just because women tend to live longer”, says co-author Dr Jaimie Steinmetz from IHME, University of Washington, USA. “There is evidence of sex differences in the biological mechanisms that underlie dementia. It’s been suggested that Alzheimer’s disease may spread differently in the brains of women than in men, and several genetic risk factors seem related to the disease risk by sex.” [1]
According to co-author Professor Theo Vos from IHME, University of Washington, USA, “Low- and middle-income countries in particular should implement national policies now that can mitigate dementia risk factors for the future, such as prioritising education and healthy lifestyles. Ensuring that structural inequalities in access to health and social care services can be addressed and that services can additionally be adapted to the unprecedented needs of an increasing older population with complex care needs will require considerable planning at both local and national levels.” [1]
The authors acknowledge that their analysis was limited by a lack of high-quality data in several parts of the world, including sub-Saharan Africa, eastern Europe, and Central America, and by studies using different methodologies and definitions of dementia. They also note that they were unable to consider all 12 risk factors from the 2020 Lancet Commission report because they were limited to risk factors included in the GBD study and only included risk factors with strong evidence of association. However, including additional risk factors would not have necessarily led to a change in the forecasted prevalence, unless changes in exposure to a given risk factor were expected as well. Finally, they note that the study examined the overall prevalence of dementia, and it is possible that clinical subtypes, such as vascular dementia, may have different relationships with risk factors, which could affect the results.
Writing in a linked Comment, Dr Michaël Schwarzinger and Dr Carole Dufouil, Bordeaux University Hospital in France (who were not involved in the study) say, “In our opinion, the authors’ efforts to build on GBD 2019 are still oversimplifying the underlying mechanisms that cause dementia…[they] provide apocalyptic projections that do not factor in advisable changes in lifestyle over the lifetime. There is a considerable and urgent need to reinforce a public health approach towards dementia to better inform the people and decision makers about the appropriate means to delay or avoid these dire projections.”
NOTES TO EDITORS
The study was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gates Ventures. It was conducted by the GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators.
Previous dementia forecasts have focused on specific countries or have been calculated by applying global prevalence estimates to population projections. This new GBD analysis is the first to incorporate information on trends in dementia risk factors and to generate country-level estimates of dementia prevalence in 195 countries and territories between 2019 and 2050.
The GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators used information on projected trends in four important dementia risk factors (high body mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, smoking, and education) to estimate how changes in these risk factors might impact dementia prevalence between 2019 and 2050. Further analysis was done to quantify the effect of future trends in risk factors, education, population growth, and population ageing on the projected number of individuals with dementia.
[1] Quotes direct from authors and cannot be found in the text of the Article.
[2] Dementia (who.int)
[3] Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission - The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/dementia2020
Country-level data is available here: https://www.dropbox.com/s/cmy82joaa1ksucn/The%20Lancet%20Public%20Health%20Global%20Prevalence%20of%20Dementia%20Country-level%20Data.xlsx?dl=0
Countries with the highest percentage change in total number of dementia cases 2019–50
1) Qatar (1926%)
2) United Arab Emirates (1795%)
3) Bahrain (1084%)
4) Oman (943%)
5) Saudi Arabia (898%)
6) Kuwait (850%)
7) Iraq (559%)
8) Maldives (554%)
9) Jordan (522%)
10) Equatorial Guinea (498%)
Countries with the lowest percentage change in total number of dementia cases 2019–50
1) Japan (27%)
2) Bulgaria (37%)
3) Serbia (38%)
4) Lithuania (44%)
5) Greece (45%)
6) Latvia (47%)
7) Croatia (55%)
8) Ukraine (55%)
9) Italy (56%)
10) Finland (58%)
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Journal
The Lancet Public Health
Method of Research
Observational study
Subject of Research
People
Article Title
Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Article Publication Date
6-Jan-2022
COI Statement
Y Bejot reports honoraria for lectures from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Servier, Medtronic, and Amgen, outside the submitted work. C Brayne reports support for the present manuscript from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Alzheimer’s Research UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Medical Research Council (MRC), Alzheimer’s Society, East Anglia Regional Health Authority Public Health and Operational Research Advisory Council, Regional Health Authority (as research grants from 1990 to date for the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies), paid to their institution; honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from the National Institute on Aging (NIA) Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Data Monitoring Committee and AXA Research Fund Scientific Board, paid to their institution, and from the Department of Biotechnology and Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellowship Selection Committee, as a personal payment; support for attending meetings and travel from NIA HRS Data Monitoring Committee, Department of Biotechnology and Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellowship Selection Committee, Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging Scientific Advisory Board, Alzheimer’s Society Research Strategy Council, BRAIN & HEADING International Oversight Committee, The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging (TILDA) Scientific Advisory Board, ATHLOS Advisory Board, Barcelona Brain Health Initiative Scientific Advisory Board, DZNE International Scientific Review Panel (Humboldt), Faculty of Public Health Academic & Research Committee, and Faculty of Public Health Board; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with NIA HRS Data Monitoring Committee, AXA Research Fund Scientific Board, Department of Biotechnology and Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellows, Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging Scientific Advisory Board, Alzheimer’s Society Research Strategy Council, BRAIN & HEADING International Oversight Committee, TILDA Scientific Advisory Board, Chinese University of Hong Kong Project Advisory Board, University of Sheffield Health Lifespan Institute Advisory Board, ATHLOS Advisory Board, Barcelona Brain Health Initiative Scientific Advisory Board, DZNE International Scientific Review Panel (Humboldt), Scientific Advisory Board for UKPRP Air Pollution and Cognitive Health Consortium, and InSPIRE; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with Faculty of Public Health Academic & Research Committee as Chair, Faculty of Public Health Board as a trustee, Public Health England– University of Cambridge Academic Liaison Committee meeting as Chair, and East of England Public Health England Research and Evaluation Hub as co-Chair; all outside the submitted work. I Filip reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute in the form of financial support, outside the submitted work. B J Hall reports consulting fees from WHO, and holds a US S&P index fund and a US Bond Index fund, all outside the submitted work. C Herteliu reports grants from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation (CNDSUEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084), outside the submitted work. A Kandel reports grants from the University at Buffalo Clinical and Translational Institute. M Kivimäki reports support for the present manuscript from the MRC (S011676) and the Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z) as a grant paid to their institution. S Lorkowski reports grants or contracts from Akcea Therapeutics as payments made to their institution; consulting fees from Danone, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum (SOBI), and Upfield; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Akcea Therapeutics, AMARIN, Amedes Holding, Amgen, Berlin-Chemie, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo Deutschland, Danone, Hubert Burda Media Holding, Lilly Deutschland, Novo Nordisk Pharma, Roche Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis, and SYNLAB Holding and SYNLAB Akademie as personal payments; support for attending meetings and travel from Amgen as personal payments; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Akcea Therapeutics, Amgen, Daiichi Sankyo, and Sanofi-Aventis as personal payments; all outside the submitted work. J Massano reports consulting fees from Roche, Biogen, Bial, and AbbVie; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Bial, GE Healthcare, Boston Scientific, and Merck Sharp & Dohme; support for attending meetings and travel from Bial and Roche; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the Portuguese Brain Aging and Dementia Study Group as President; all outside the submitted work. C D Pond reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Dementia Training Australia; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, unpaid, as an advisor for the Primary Health Network. A Radfar reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute. J A Singh reports consulting fees from Crealta–Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, Two Labs, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, UBM, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, Practice Point communications, the NIH, and the American College of Rheumatology; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings and travel from OMERACT, an international organisation that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm’s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as a member of the Food and Drug Administration Arthritis Advisory Committee; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with OMERACT as a member of the steering committee, with the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee as a member, and with the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis as a director and editor; stock or stock options in TPT Global Tech, Vaxart pharmaceuticals, Charlotte’s Web Holdings, and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking, and Moderna pharmaceuticals; all outside the submitted work. D J Stein reports personal fees from Lundbeck, Takeda, Johnson & Johnson, and Servier, outside the submitted work. A Wimo reports support for the present manuscript from WHO as payment to their institution and from the Swedish Government (SNAC project) paid to their county council; grants or contracts from Merck Sharp & Dohme (research grant, EU-project IMI2: MOPEAD, EU-project H2020; PRODEMOS, EU-project JPND: MindAD), paid to their institution; royalties and licenses with an RUD instrument as a partial license holder; support for attending meetings and travel to Geneva from WHO, and to Seattle, WA, USA, from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Biogen, Elsai, and IHME; all outside the submitted work.