February 25, 2022 – Most patients with sleep problems adopt maladaptive coping strategies – such as taking sleep aids, using caffeine, and taking daytime naps – that may actually contribute to decreased sleep quality, reports a study in The Nurse Practitioner. The journal is published in the Lippincott portfolio by Wolters Kluwer.
"Patients will use caffeine and nicotine and nap to combat daytime somnolence and not even realize that these precipitate and perpetuate the insomnia even more," comments Rhonda Winegar, PhD, DNP, author of the exploratory study. "Making small modifications to daily routines can help much more than prescribing hypnotics that have side effects and run the risk of dependency." Her paper in the March issue of The Nurse Practitioner coincides with National Sleep Foundation's Sleep Awareness Week® 2022, which takes place from March 13 to 19.
Unintended consequences of coping strategies contribute to sleep problems
The pilot study included 137 patients seen at a sleep clinic from 2017 to 2019 for problems such as obstructive sleep apnea or insomnia. "Having worked in a sleep practice for several years I noticed many of my patients had issues with insomnia based on their habits," says Dr. Winegar. Based on patient questionnaires, she analyzed rates of certain types of maladaptive coping strategies and how they affected the results of sleep laboratory testing (polysomnography), which provides specialists with detailed information on sleep architecture.
Consistent with previous insomnia studies, most of the patients had adopted one or more counterproductive strategies to address their sleep problems:
- Caffeine. About two-thirds of patients reported using caffeine. Although often used as an energy boost by those who feel sleepy during the day, caffeine can lead to increased problems with nighttime sleep.
- Sleep aids. Nearly half of patients (47%) took prescription sleep medications, while another 19% used over-the-counter (OTC) sleep aids. More than 40% of patients reported using herbal products, indicating that they were "self-medicating" for their sleep problems.
- Napping. More than one-fourth of patients reported taking daily naps, which can contribute to problems getting to sleep at night.
These maladaptive coping strategies affected sleep quality in several ways. Patients who did not use sleep aids entered the critical rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep faster than those taking prescription sleep medications: 131 versus 167 minutes. Patients using prescription sleep medications also had fewer REM cycles than those on OTC sleep aids or no sleep aids.
The data showed some beneficial effects of sleep medications prescribed by a health professional, including shorter sleep latency (time to falling asleep) and higher sleep efficiency. Average sleep duration was 349 minutes for patients on OTC sleep aids, compared to 332 minutes for those on prescription sleep medications and 292 minutes for those not taking sleep aids. Patients who did not take sleep aids had more frequent nighttime arousals, which may be an indicator of more fragmented, less restful sleep.
Patients who used caffeine had longer times to REM sleep – except for those who had more than two servings of caffeine per day. Patients who took regular naps had less daytime sleepiness but longer sleep latency times, compared to those who didn't take naps.
Insomnia is a very common problem that has major economic and social costs, in addition to adverse health effects. When patients seek help for sleep problems, it's generally from a primary care provider, such as a family physician or nurse practitioner. "Learning about good sleep hygiene and making some slight changes to their routines – going to bed at the same time, turning off the television and lights when in bed – can help patients to sleep better without the use of sleep aids," says Dr. Winegar.
She advises patients with insomnia or other sleep problems to create new habits to "prioritize sleep." "Always plan for eight-hours of sleep nightly," Dr. Winegar adds. "Do not nap. Keep the same sleep hygiene routine and sleep schedule on all days."
Sleep Awareness Week® is the National Sleep Foundation's national public education campaign that celebrates sleep health and encourages the public to prioritize sleep to improve health and well-being. Becoming aware of and avoiding the unintended consequences of maladaptive coping strategies supports that mission of learning about the benefits of optimal sleep and how sleep affects health, well-being, and safety.
Click here to read “Maladaptive coping mechanisms of sleep“
DOI: 10.1097/01.NPR.0000819624.10897.33
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About The Nurse Practitioner
With a circulation of 75,000, The Nurse Practitioner is the leading monthly source for clinical, practical, cutting-edge information for advanced practice nurses and other primary care clinicians. Each issue presents peer-reviewed articles that range from clinical topics and research to political and practice issues. The only print publication specifically for the NP market, The Nurse Practitioner also provides regular features, columns, continuing education, staff development education, and more.
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The Nurse Practitioner