image: . A graphical summary showing: (a) used raw organic and inorganic precursors, their molar ratios in synthesis; (b) laser photopolymerization and high-temperature calcination technology; (c) formed crystalline phase nano-lattices after calcination (cristobalite, SiO2, zircon, monoclinic ZrO2 and tetragonal ZrO2); All of these phases can be observed and tuned depending on the treatment temperature and initial hybrid materials compositions. view more
Credit: OEA
A new publication from Opto-Electronic Advances; DOI 10.29026/oea.2022.210077 overviews Laser additive manufacturing of Si/ZrO2 tunable crystalline phase 3D nanostructures.
A route for laser nano-printing of 3D crystalline structures was developed. The method employs ultrafast laser lithography, used as additive manufacturing tool for producing true 3D nanostructures, and combined with high temperature thermal post-treatment, converting the printed material into fully inorganic substance. The carried out inter-disciplinary experimental work revealed potential of tuning the resulting ceramic structure into distinct crystalline phases, such as: cristobalite, SiO2, ZrSiO4, m-ZrO2, t-ZrO2. The proposed approach enabled achieving below 60 nm individual features dimensions without any beam shaping or complex exposure techniques, thus makes it reproducible with other established standard or custom made laser direct writing setups. The principle is compatible with commercially available platforms (for instance: Nanoscribe, MultiPhoton Optics, Femtika, Workshop of Photonics, UpNano, MicroLight, and others). Figure 1 graphically summarizes the developed novel approach, involved procedure steps and resulting outcome.
In brief, the validation of the combined laser manufacturing and thermal-treatment technique upgrades the widespread laser multi-photon lithography to a powerful tool enabling additive manufacturing of crystalline ceramics at an unprecedented precision and three-dimensional flexibility. It is a milestone achievement in the ultrafast laser assisted processing of inorganic materials and sets a new high standard for the nanoscale laser 3D photopolymerization, which is no longer bounded to the limitation of just polymer or plastic materials. While biologically derived and plant-based resins are extending applications in biomedicine and life sciences, the production of 3D inorganic nanostructures is opening new scientific technology-oriented research fields and enabling industry to acquire options for production of 3D nano-mechanics, nano-electronics, micro-optics and nano-photonics, enhanced telecommunication, and sensing chips. The achieved breakthrough is significantly contributing towards advancing the field of opto-electronics.
Dr. Darius Gailevičius with Prof. Mangirdas Malinauskas of Laser Nanophotonics Group (Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University) proposed an approach for laser 3D additive manufacturing of nanoscale structures out of inorganic materials. The laser printed objects were subsequently heat treated in order to completely remove the organic part of hybrid material, thus converting the substance into pure inorganic matter. The aforementioned group members collaborating together with a material scientist Prof. Simas Šakirzanovas (Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University) anticipated the potential of sol-gel synthesis and chemical morphing of the substance into diverse and tunable phases by precisely controlling the initial ingredient ratio and the calcination processing protocol. The main experimental work was performed by PhD student Greta Merkininkaitė with assistance of junior student Edvinas Aleksandravičius. A post-doc Dr. Darius Gailevičius has introduced essential conceptual insights and reviewed the experimental workflow.
The finding of the work is important to a whole spectrum of scientific research and industrial fields. It extends the widespread established laser two-photon polymerization technology towards additive manufacturing tool of ceramic and crystalline structures at a sub-100 nm feature definition. This makes the previous limitation of the employed organic or hybrid polymers obsolete. In turn, it enables production of inorganic and tunable crystalline phase 3D nanostructures which are outperforming the previously available options of material choices or limited structural (2D or 2.5D geometries) flexibility.
In other words, the optical 3D printing is now offering additive manufacturing of various crystals. The revealed principle is of great interest and advantageous in making three-dimensional nano-photonic, micro-optical, nano-mechanic, micro-fluidic, nano-electronic and bio-medical components. It upgrades the laser 3D nanoscale printer from black and white into a full color, as the colors are represented by specific material and its inherent properties. In Figure 2 continuous scaling and material variations are visually projected. A novel option of true 3D printing inorganic materials is marked as a benchmarking milestone achievement – upgrading the existent laser 3D lithography to a new exploitation level.
Article reference: Merkininkaitė G, Aleksandravičius E, Malinauskas M, Gailevičius D, Šakirzanovas S. Laser additive manufacturing of Si/ZrO2 tunable crystalline phase 3D nanostructures. Opto-Electron Adv 5, 210077 (2022) . doi: 10.29026/oea.2022.210077
Keywords: 3D nanostructures / additive manufacturing / crystalline phases / laser lithography / 3D printing / high resilience / inorganic materials / SZ2080TM
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Prof. Mangirdas Malinauskas is a research director of Laser Nanophotonics group. The laboratory focuses on fundamental and applied light-matter interactions which lead towards realization of advancing forefront optical 3D printing technique towards meso-scale and multi-material. Controlled light-matter excitation at a spatio-temporally confined conditions enables tunable degree of modification which approaches practical realization of 4D printing.
Scientists from Laser Nanophotonics Group at Laser Research Center (Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Lithuania) worked in a close collaboration with the Researchers from the Department of Applied Chemistry at Institute of Chemistry (Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Lithuania).
The future cooperative work targets finding additional and alternative inorganic constituents, further optimizing the calcination protocol, and implementation of the methods towards applications, specifically micro-optics: D.-L. G. Hernandez et al., “Laser 3D Printing of Inorganic Free-Form Micro-Optics”, Preprints 2021, 2021110136 (DOI: 10.20944/preprints202111.0136.v1).
More updated information on the research group can be found:
Laser nanophotonics group - Faculty of Physics (vu.lt)
Mangirdas Malinauskas | WRHI – Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (titech.ac.jp)
Mangirdas Malinauskas (0000-0002-6937-4284) (orcid.org)
Mangirdas_LTC (@Mangirdas_LTC) / Twitter
Mangirdas Malinauskas | LinkedIn
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