Magic mushroom compound increases brain connectivity in people with depression after use

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Monday 11th April 2022

Magic mushroom compound increases brain connectivity in people with depression after use

Psilocybin, the psychedelic compound found in magic mushrooms, helps to “open up” depressed people’s brains, even after use, enabling brain regions to talk more freely to one another.

These are the findings of a new analysis of brain scans from close to 60 people receiving treatment for depression, led by Imperial College London’s Centre for Psychedelic Research. The team behind the study believes it may have untangled how psilocybin exerts its therapeutic effects on the brain.

Psilocybin is one of a number of psychedelics being explored as a potential therapy for psychiatric disorders. Several studies have trialled a synthesised form of the drug to treat patients with depression and anxiety, with promising results.

The new results, taken from two combined studies, reveal that people who responded to psilocybin-assisted therapy showed increased brain connectivity not just during their treatment, but up to three weeks afterwards. This “opening up” effect was associated with self-reported improvements in their depression. However, similar changes in brain connectivity were not seen in those treated with a conventional antidepressant (called escitalopram), suggesting the psychedelic works differently in treating depression.

According to the team, the findings, published today in the journal Nature Medicine, are a promising advance for psilocybin therapy, with the effects replicated across two studies. They explain that patterns of brain activity in depression can become rigid and restricted, and that psilocybin could potentially help the brain to break out of this rut in a way that traditional therapies cannot.

The paper’s senior author Professor Robin Carhart-Harris, former Head of the Imperial Centre for Psychedelic Research who is now based at University of California, San Francisco, said: “The effect seen with psilocybin is consistent across two studies, related to people getting better, and was not seen with a conventional antidepressant.

“In previous studies we had seen a similar effect in the brain when people were scanned whilst on a psychedelic, but here we’re seeing it weeks after treatment for depression, which suggests a ‘carry over’ of the acute drug action.”

Initial findings from two studies carried out at Imperial reported a reduction in measures of depression, but the mechanism underpinning how the treatment exerts these effects has been unclear.

In the latest study, a team led by Imperial’s Centre for Psychedelic Research analysed fMRI scans of participants from these two trials, which included almost 60 participants: an open label trial in treatment-resistant depression – where all participants received psilocybin; and a randomised control trial in more general depression that compared psilocybin with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram. All participants also received talking therapies with registered mental health professionals and brain scans were taken before, and then one day or three weeks after participants received psilocybin therapy.

Both trials found improvements with psilocybin therapy, as measured by improved participant scores on clinical questionnaires. Analysis of the brain scans revealed altered communication or connectivity between brain regions.

More specifically, they found an increase in communication between those brain regions that are more segregated in depressed patients. They found a correlation between this effect and symptom improvement in both trials – while the strength and duration of effect varied between participants, it was strongest in those who reported an improvement in symptoms. The researchers added that while follow-up data is still being analysed for participants, initial changes in brain activity one day following treatment were a good predictor of whether a person would still show improvement at six months.  

Professor Carhart-Harris added: “We don’t yet know how long the changes in brain activity seen with psilocybin therapy last and we need to do more research to understand this. We do know that some people relapse, and it may be that after a while their brains revert to the rigid patterns of activity we see in depression.”

The authors caution that while these findings are encouraging, previous trials assessing psilocybin for depression took place under controlled, clinical conditions, using a regulated dose formulated in a laboratory, and involved extensive psychological support before, during and after dosing, provided by mental health professionals.

Patients with depression should not attempt to self-medicate with psilocybin, as taking magic mushrooms or psilocybin in the absence of these careful safeguards may not have a positive outcome.

Professor David Nutt, Head of the Imperial Centre for Psychedelic Research, said: “These findings are important because for the first time we find that psilocybin works differently from conventional antidepressants – making the brain more flexible and fluid, and less entrenched in the negative thinking patterns associated with depression. This supports our initial predictions and confirms psilocybin could be a real alternative approach to depression treatments.”

Professor Carhart-Harris said: “One exciting implication of our findings is that we have discovered a fundamental mechanism via which psychedelic therapy works not just for depression – but other mental illnesses, such as anorexia or addiction. We now need to test if this is the case, and if it is, then we have found something important.”

The research was supported by funding from the Alex Mosley Charitable Trust and founding donors of the Imperial Centre for Psychedelic Research. First author Dr Richard Daws, who is now based at King’s College London, was supported by the Imperial College London EPSRC Centre London for Doctoral Training (CDT) in Neurotechnology.

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'Increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression' by Richard Daws et al. is published in Nature Medicine. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01744-z

Registered reporters can access an embargoed copy of via the Nature press website https://press.nature.com/ 

The post-embargo link for the paper will be https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01744-z 

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NOTES TO EDITORS: 

[1] The first trial was an open label trial of psilocybin which took place in 2014 and 2015. The first study report on this trial was published in The Lancet Psychiatry in 2016.  

Patients with treatment-resistant depression had baseline clinical assessment and resting-state fMRI, followed by fixed-order “low” (10mg) and “high” (25mg) psilocybin therapy dosing days (DD) that were separated by one week. 

Of the 19 patients recruited, three were excluded due to excessive fMRI head-motion. The team confirmed an antidepressant effect of psilocybin in 16 patients via reduced questionnaire scores from baseline.  

Brain network modularity was significantly reduced one day after psilocybin therapy – in ten of 16 participants. This result implies an increase in functional connectivity between the brain’s main intrinsic networks. 

Pre- vs post-treatment change in modularity significantly correlated with change in BDI score at six months, relative to baseline. Results imply that decreased brain modularity one day after psilocybin therapy relates to long-term improvements in depression symptom severity. 

[2] The second trial was a double-blind randomised controlled trial which took place in 2019 and 2020. The first report on the results of this trial was published in 2021 in the New England Journal of Medicine.  

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) were randomly allocated to a “psilocybin-arm” or “escitalopram-arm”, where patients received either 25mg psilocybin (psilocybin-arm) or a presumed inactive 1mg psilocybin dose (escitalopram-arm).  

Twenty-one patients were included in the escitalopram imaging sample and 22 patients were included in the psilocybin imaging sample. 

On average, BDI-measured reductions in depressive symptom severity were significantly greater under psilocybin than escitalopram, indicating superior efficacy of psilocybin therapy vs. escitalopram. 

Evidence indicated that the reduction in network modularity and its relationship to depression severity was specific to the psilocybin-arm. In the escitalopram group, network modularity did not change from baseline and there was no significant correlation between changes in modularity and changes in BDI scores. 

Post-psilocybin therapy changes in network flexibility were correlated with changes in BDI score. After FDR-correction, increased EN dynamic flexibility strongly correlated with greater symptom improvement at the six-week primary endpoint for the psilocybin-arm.  

There were no significant correlation between changes in BDI scores and changes in dynamic flexibility in the escitalopram-arm. 

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