About The Study: In this multi-institutional, cross-sectional study that included 885 residents, results suggest that surgical trainees perceived to be white were, on average, granted similar amounts of autonomy as trainees perceived to be African American or Black or Hispanic or Latinx. However, some gaps in autonomy emerged in the second year, when operative autonomy increases faster for trainees perceived to be white. By the end of residency, differences were no longer significant.
Authors: Gifty Kwakye, M.D., M.P.H., of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, is the corresponding author.
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(doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2022.2598)
Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, conflict of interest and financial disclosures, and funding and support.
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Journal
JAMA Surgery