Heat and computers do not mix well. If computers overheat, they do not work well or may even crash. But what about the quantum computers of the future? These high-performance devices are even more sensitive to heat. This is because their basic computational units – quantum bits or "qubits" – are based on highly-sensitive units, some of them individual atoms, and heat can be a crucial interference factor.
The basic dilemma: In order to retrieve the information of a qubit, its quantum state must be destroyed. The heat released in the process can interfere with the sensitive quantum system. The quantum computer's own heat generation could consequently become a problem, suspect physicists Wolfgang Belzig (University of Konstanz), Clemens Winkelmann (Néel Institute, Grenoble) and Jukka Pekola (Aalto University, Helsinki). In experiments, the researchers have now documented the heat generated by superconducting quantum systems. To do so, they developed a method that can measure and display the temperature curve to one millionth of a second in accuracy throughout the process of reading one qubit. "This means we are monitoring the process as it takes place", says Wolfgang Belzig. The method was recently published in the journal Nature Physics.
Superconducting quantum systems produce heat
Until now, research on quantum computing has focused on the basics of getting these high-performance computers to work: Much research mainly involves the coupling of quantum bits and identifying which material systems are optimal for qubits. Little consideration has been given to heat generation: Especially in the case of superconducting qubits constructed using a supposedly ideal conducting material, researchers have often assumed that no heat is generated or that the amount is negligible. "That is simply not true", Wolfgang Belzig says and adds: "People often think of quantum computers as idealized systems. However, even the circuitry of a superconducting quantum system produces heat." How much heat, is what the researchers can now measure precisely.
A thermometer for the quantum bit
The measurement method was developed for superconducting quantum systems. These systems are based on superconducting circuits that use "Josephson junctions" as a central electronic element. "We measure the electron temperature based on the conductivity of such contacts. This is nothing special in and of itself: Many electronic thermometers are based in some way on measuring conductivity using a resistor. The only problem is: How quickly can you take the measurements?" Clemens Winkelmann explains. Changes to a quantum state take only a millionth of a second.
"Our trick is to have the resistor measuring the temperature inside a resonator – an oscillating circuit – that produces a strong response at a certain frequency. This resonator oscillates at 600 megahertz and can be read out very quickly", Winkelmann explains.
Heat is always generated
With their experimental evidence, the researchers want to draw attention to the thermodynamic processes of a quantum system. "Our message to the quantum computing world is: Be careful, and watch out for heat generation. We can even measure the exact amount", Winkelmann adds.
This heat generation could become particularly relevant for scaling up quantum systems. Wolfgang Belzig explains: "One of the greatest advantages of superconducting qubits is that they are so large, because this size makes them easy to build and control. On the other hand, this can be a disadvantage if you want to put many qubits on a chip. Developers need to take into account that more heat will be produced as a result and that the system needs to be cooled adequately."
This research was conducted in the context of the Collaborative Research Centre SFB 1432 "Fluctuations and Nonlinearities in Classical and Quantum Matter beyond Equilibrium" at the University of Konstanz.
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https://www.uni-konstanz.de/fileadmin/pi/fileserver/2023/thermodynamik.jpg
Caption: Wolfgang Belzig
Copyright: University of Konstanz
https://www.uni-konstanz.de/fileadmin/pi/fileserver/2023/thermodynamik_5.jpg
Caption: Clemens Winkelmann
Copyright: David Wander
https://www.uni-konstanz.de/fileadmin/pi/fileserver/2023/thermodynamik_4.jpg
Caption: Sketch of the superconducting loop (blue) interrupted by a normal metal weak link (brown). The thermometer junction to the front detects the instantaneous heating associated to the 2π phase slip when a quantum of magnetic flux enters the loop.
Copyright: Efe Gümüs
https://www.uni-konstanz.de/fileadmin/pi/fileserver/2023/thermodynamik_3.jpg
Caption: Scanning electron micrograph of the superconducting loop (yellow area), interrupted by the normal metal weak link in the bottom right side. The microwave line (cyan) allows for rapidly changing the magnetic flux through the loop.
Copyright: Efe Gümüs
https://www.uni-konstanz.de/fileadmin/pi/fileserver/2023/thermodynamik_2.jpg
Caption: Scanning electron micrograph showing a zoom on the metallic weak link (red) and the thermometer junction (blue, bottom).
Copyright: Efe Gümüs
Article Title
Calorimetry of a phase slip in a Josephson junction.