An analysis of 25 years of the CDC WONDER database for death rates from hypertension-related kidney disease (also called hypertensive kidney disease or hypertensive renal disease) in the U.S. through 2023 found persistent differences across race, ethnicity, gender and region.

Despite their effectiveness in lowering sodium intake and managing blood pressure, salt substitutes were rarely used by people with high blood pressure, according to a review of almost 20 years of U.S. health survey data.