Until now, scientists have been unable to determine how metformin, a Type 2 diabetes medication that lowers blood sugar, works.   

A new Northwestern Medicine study has provided direct evidence in mice that it reversibly cuts the cell’s energy supply by interfering with mitochondria to lower glucose levels.

Subtle activation of a small subset of neurons in one region of the brain can make male mice resilient to, and even reverse, the detrimental effects of chronic stress. The same is true for female mice, but in a totally different region of the brain. Researchers at Penn State reported these findings in two studies in the journal Molecular Psychiatry and said the results could help explain the efficacy, or lack thereof, of certain antidepressant drugs and inform the development of new drugs and therapies.