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Two collaborations have pioneered a new technique, Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy, to investigate the nature of fundamental particles and forces in the universe. The Project 8 collaboration set an upper limit on the mass of neutrinos. The He6-CRES collaboration observed the decay of radioactive isotopes of helium and neon to set the stage for investigating the weak interaction.

Microalgae in water are responsible for roughly 50% of the photosynthesis that converts carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into organic carbon. Researchers have now quantified the activity in the microbiome associated with these microalgae to investigate how the microbiome’s members process and exchange carbon and nitrogen from algal cells. They used isotopes and high-resolution imaging mass spectrometry to quantify these exchanges at the single-cell level.

Researchers studying complex phenomena such as the Higgs boson must work with massive experimental data sets. To help, researchers have defined practical FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) principles for data and applied the principles to an open simulated tktk from CERN. FAIR will help humans and computers use large data sets, enable modern computers to process these data sets, and aid the development of artificial intelligence tools.

A proton’s core consists of three valence quarks, but they contribute only a small fraction of the proton's mass. Most of the mass emerges from intricate quark dynamics and is primarily governed by the strong force mediated by gluons. Scientists have made a new measurement that localized the central region of the proton as the primary source of gluon-generated mass.

Bacteriophages are common in soil ecosystems, but many of these phages and the bacteria they target have not been identified. Researchers used high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) to directly investigate the relationships between phages and their bacterial hosts in soils with varying moisture levels. The research found that phages are less active in dry soil than in wet soil but target key bacteria species.

At the Colorado School of Mines, Distinguished Professor in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Amy J. Clarke studies metals manufacturing. She observes how microscopic structures form and how processing conditions can be modified to affect solidification and defect development.

By studying how CRISPR-Cas works, scientists can predict and design where these tools modify DNA. However, these predictions often fail because there is large variation in genome structure and composition among different organisms. To address this problem, researchers used artificial intelligence and quantum chemistry to better predict the tool’s behavior.