Schematic representation of the regulatory function of pseudogene-derived lncRNAs involved in the development of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in various cancers (IMAGE)
Caption
Research indicates that pseudogene-derived lncRNAs regulate CSCs by functioning as ceRNAs for miRNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), altering downstream signaling pathways, and regulating the stemness of cancers as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. CYP4Z2P, cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily Z member 2, pseudogene; RPSAP52, ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 52; TPTEP1, transmembrane phosphatase with tensin homology pseudogene 1; EMBP1, embigin pseudogene 1; GUSBP11, glucuronidase beta pseudogene 11; RSU1P2, Ras suppressor protein 1 pseudogene 2; LPAL2, lipoprotein(A)-like 2; ZNF204P, zinc finger protein 204, pseudogene; PDIA3P1, protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3 pseudogene 1; AZGP1P2, alpha-2-glycoprotein 1, zinc-binding (AZGP1) pseudogene 2; RBM15, RNA binding motif protein 15; UBA1, ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, protein kinase B; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; CCNE2, cyclin E2; SPNS2, sphingolipid transporter 2; Tex 10, testis-expressed protein 10; MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; OCT4, octamer-binding transcription factor 4; TPM1, tropomyosin 1.
Credit
Seyed Taha Nourbakhsh, Fatemeh Mohamadhashem, Elahe Soltani Fard, Faezeh Mohamadhashem, Abdolreza Daraei
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CC BY-NC-ND