Supplementation of BCAA enhanced the anti-tumor activity of genipin. (IMAGE)
Caption
Two million THP-1 or MOLM-13 cells were transplanted into six-week-old nude mice via the tail vein injection; meanwhile, mice were administered either PBS (vehicle Ctrl) or 25 mg/kg genipin every two days via intraperitoneal injection. Mice were sacrificed, and tumorigenesis-related indexes, including (A) percentage of AML engraftment, (B) cell viability, and (C) mitochondrial ROS, were assessed. (D) Mice were treated with either PBS (vehicle Ctrl) or 25 mg/kg genipin as described previously. In the high BCAA group, mice were fed with water containing 15 mg/mL valine, 15 mg/mL leucine, and 15 mg/mL isoleucine throughout the entire experiment. In the normal BCAA group, mice were fed with normal sterile ddH2O. Mice were sacrificed 12 days post-transplantation. Tumorigenesis-related indexes, including (E, F) mice survival, (G, H) percentage of AML engraftment in bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PBL), (I) cell viability, and (J) mitochondrial ROS, were assessed. (K) The BCAA level was also determined upon withdrawing mouse blood via the posterior ophthalmic venous plexus. The survival analysis was performed using the log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test. All experiments were repeated three times. Data represent mean ± standard deviation from technical triplicates (∗p < 0.01, ∗∗p < 0.05, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.005; two-way ANOVA for genipin plus normal BCAA versus genipin plus high BCAA. AML, acute myeloid leukemia; ROS, reactive oxygen species; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid.
Credit
Agida Okohi Innocent, Yajie Shen, Yixuan Gao, Ruixin Sun, Kasimujiang aximujiang, Zizhen Xu, Jinke Cheng, Jiao Ma
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