Figure 2 | Mechanisms of birefringence. (IMAGE)

Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS

Figure 2 | Mechanisms of birefringence.

Caption

Figure 2 | Mechanisms of birefringence. a, Engineered birefringence demonstrated by anisotropic metasurface nanobricks. The effective refractive indices along the long and short axes are controlled by the geometry of the nanobrick and its in-plane rotation angle, enabling tunable phase retardance and fast-axis orientation. b, Stress-induced birefringence demonstrated by a photoelastic modulator (PEM), where mechanical stress induces optical anisotropy and displacement. c, Electrically induced birefringence demonstrated by a liquid crystal variable retarder (LCVR), where an applied voltage changes the alignment of liquid crystal molecules. d, Electrically induced birefringence demonstrated by an electro-optic modulator (EOM), enabling voltage-controlled phase response and polarization modulation.

Credit

Yidong Tan et al.

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