News Release

海洋掠食动物:体形增加配之以胃口增加

Peer-Reviewed Publication

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Marine Predators: Bigger in Size With an Appetite to Match

image: An infographic depicting results by Adiël Klompmaker et al., which find that the size of marine predators has increased over the past 500 million years, while the size of prey has remained relatively constant. This material relates to a paper that appeared in the June 16 2017, issue of Science, published by AAAS. The paper, by A.A. Klompmaker at University of California, Berkeley in Berkeley, CA, and colleagues was titled, "Increase in predator-prey size ratios throughout the Phanerozoic history of marine ecosystems." view more 

Credit: Carla Schaffer / AAAS

新的研究披露,在过去的5亿年中,海洋无脊椎掠食动物的体形相对于它们猎物的体形有所增加。这些结果支持一个一直难以证实的流行假说。升级假说提出,掠食动物日益强大且代谢活跃所致的自上而下的压力会驱动被猎食动物的演化趋势,例如,它们会增加其机动能力、挖掘能力或防御招数。然而,重建物种间古老复杂的互动关系颇为困难,尽管它会给升级假说提供重要的线索。在这里,Adiël A. Klompmaker和同事通过分析被猎物外壳中的攻击痕迹或“钻孔”对显生宙时期海洋生物中的掠食者-被猎食者之间的相互关系进行了重建,该时期跨越了过去的5.4亿年之久。首先,他们将数百个钻孔与掠食动物的体形大小做了比较,证实了较大体形的的掠食动物与较大钻孔间有着直接的相关性。接着,他们对显生宙时期钻孔大小、被猎食动物体形大小及掠食动物-被猎食动物体形大小比例的发展趋势进行了检查,所涉及的样本几达7000个,所代表的物种分类单元超过360个。尽管在显生宙时期的绝大多数时间内,被猎物外壳大小的中位数或多或少处于恒定状态,但钻孔直径中位数则从0.35毫米增加至3.25毫米,表明掠食动物相对于其猎食对象的体形之比有了明显的增加。作者提出,掠食者-被猎食者体形比例的增加是由海洋生态系统能量结构的急剧改变驱动的,因为在该生态系统中,海洋掠食动物必须吃更多的猎物才能满足其不断增加的体形和胃口。作者说,与掠食动物体形增加的同时,被猎物则朝着更加灵动和更具挖掘能力的方向变化,这一效应与掠食动物驱动演化是一致的。

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