News Release

婴儿能理解获取较理想的奖品需付出更大的努力

Peer-Reviewed Publication

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Infants Understand that More Desirable Rewards Require More Effort (1 of 2)

video: In experiment 3 by Liu et al., the animated character was separated from each of the two targets by a horizontal gap in the supporting surface. This material relates to a paper that appeared in the 24 November 2017 issue of Science, published by AAAS. The paper, by S. Liu at Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and colleagues was titled, "Ten-month-old infants infer the value of goals from the costs of actions." view more 

Credit: S. Liu <i>et al., Science</i> (2017)

新的研究发现,对那些观察某人须花更大努力才能达到目的的婴儿而言,他们会给需要花更多努力而获得的目标物赋予比较少努力便能得到的目标物更高的价值。过去有研究已经阐释了婴儿意识到物体价值有别的可能方式;例如,如果一个人总是选某一物品而不选另一物品,婴儿便会赋予该被选物品更高的价值。然而,婴儿是否能在早期便能将价值与回报等概念一体化还有待确定。Shari Liu和同事在这里向名10个月大的婴儿展示了动画片;片中的一个角色为了达到某个目的而会面对不同程度的代价;例如,该角色必须跳过一堵矮墙或一堵高得多的墙才能得到其奖品。如果获取奖励的“代价”过于高昂,该角色会拒绝付出努力来获取奖品。研究人员又做了另外两个类似的实验:该角色必需通过爬上斜坡或跳过一道沟才能获取奖品,这样做的目的是为了确保婴儿认为重要的因素不仅仅是速度或高度,而且为了得到奖品而付出的努力也确实是婴儿注意的要素。当一个角色越过了更高的障碍、爬上了更陡的斜坡、或是跳过了更宽的沟以获得两个奖励中的一个,无论是以上哪种场景,只要是当该角色最后拿到的是较不理想的奖品时,婴儿便会更长时间地注视这一场景,这表明,婴儿对该角色所做的选择感到意外。因此,婴儿似乎能够对需花更大代价才能得到的奖品赋予更高的价值。

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