A recent study published on December 19, 2024, in the ExRNA journal highlights research from the Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, in collaboration with the E.N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center. The researchers demonstrated that measuring microRNA levels in urinary extracellular vesicles serves as a promising biomarker for diagnosing and stratifying the prognosis of prostate cancer. This method can also evaluate the efficacy of treatments such as radiotherapy and monitors disease progression.

By enabling early diagnosis and detecting cancer relapse after treatment, this approach holds the potential to significantly enhance patient survival outcomes.

POSTECH & Kyungpook National University develop inhalable lung cancer therapeutics utilizing mucoadhesive proteinic nanoparticles.

Identifying biomarkers for predicting radiotherapy efficacy is crucial for optimizing personalized treatments. We previously reported that rs1553867776 in the miR-4274 seed region can predict survival in patients with rectal cancer receiving postoperative chemoradiation therapy. Hence, to investigate the molecular mechanism of the genetic variation and its impact on the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer (CRC), in this study, bioinformatics analysis is combined with functional experiments to confirm peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 (PEX5) as a direct target of miR-4274. The miR-4274 rs1553867776 variant influences the binding of miR-4274 and PEX5 mRNA, which subsequently regulates PEX5 protein expression. The interaction between PEX5 and Ku70 was verified by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. A xenograft tumor model was established to validate the effects of miR-4274 and PEX5 on CRC progression and radiosensitivity in vivo. The overexpression of PEX5 enhances radiosensitivity by preventing Ku70 from entering the nucleus and reducing the repair of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage by the Ku70/Ku80 complex in the nucleus. In addition, the enhanced expression of PEX5 is associated with increased IR-induced ferroptosis. Thus, targeting this mechanism might effectively increase the radiosensitivity of CRC. These findings offer novel insights into the mechanism of cancer radioresistance and have important implications for clinical radiotherapy.