Which microbes thrive below us in darkness – in gold mines, in aquifers, in deep boreholes in the seafloor – and how do they compare to the microbiomes that envelop the Earth’s surfaces, on land and sea? The first global study to embrace this huge question, conducted at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), Woods Hole, reveals astonishingly high microbial diversity in some subsurface environments, pointing to vast, untapped, subsurface reservoirs of diversity for bioprospecting new compounds and medicinals, for understanding how cells adapt to extremely low-energy environments, and for illuminating the search for extraterrestrial life. Led by MBL Associate Scientist Emil Ruff, the study is published this week in Science Advances.

The phytoplankton that populate oceans are known to play a key role in marine ecosystems and climate regulation. Like terrestrial plants, they store atmospheric CO₂, and produce half of our planet’s oxygen via photosynthesis. However, the mechanisms that control their distribution remain poorly understood.

A groundbreaking study from South Korea has revealed the evolutionary journey of brown algae through genomic analysis. The research highlights key milestones, including the transition to multicellularity and species diversification, and uncovers viral integrations in brown algae genomes that influenced their evolution. It also explores practical applications in aquaculture, biotechnology, and climate change mitigation, emphasizing brown algae's potential for carbon capture and ecosystem restoration, while offering valuable insights into enhancing ecological resilience amid climatic challenges.