The latest findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021, published today in The Lancet, forecast that global life expectancy will increase by 4.9 years in males and 4.2 years in females between 2022 and 2050. Increases are expected to be largest in countries where life expectancy is lower, contributing to a convergence of increased life expectancy across geographies. The trend is largely driven by public health measures that have prevented and improved survival rates from cardiovascular diseases, COVID-19, and a range of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs).

Scientists have made several advances in the design of a class of HIV vaccines that could offer broad protection against the virus, according to four new research papers published this week in Science, Science Translational Medicine, and Science Immunology. “The studies […] exemplify progress in the rational design of [germline-targeting] HIV-1 vaccines, and what is being learned will guide [germline-targeting] programs for inducing [broadly neutralizing antibodies] against other human pathogens,” Rogier Sanders and John Moore write in a related Perspective on the new articles. As the HIV epidemic enters its fifth decade, scientists have poured time and resources into developing vaccine candidates for the virus. However, health authorities still lack a working, approved vaccine that induces broadly neutralizing antibodies, which can neutralize the most common circulating strains of HIV. One solution involves a process called germline targeting, where scientists use a series of proteins targeted by the immune system (immunogens) to shepherd and “prime” young B cells as they mature in sites called germinal centers, with the goal of coaxing the cells to produce broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV. In the first paper in Science, Jon Steichen and colleagues tested the protective effects of a new germline-targeting strategy based on the N332-GT5 trimer, a component of the HIV viral envelope. Leveraging cryo-electron microscopy, the team showed that their approach successfully primed and boosted quantities of B cells that secret precursors to BG18 – an anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibody – in a group of eight rhesus macaques. Taking a different delivery approach in the second Science study, Zhenfei Xie and colleagues demonstrated they could prime B cells with N332-GT5 via mRNA, which they delivered via lipid nanoparticles. When given to humanized mice, the mRNA delivered both the primary immunogen (N332-GT5) and two additional immunogens that further primed the target B cells. Together, these immunogens kickstarted the activation and expansion of B cells that secreted precursors to BG18, with Xie et al. hypothesizing that their strategy could reduce undesirable off-target binding. Meanwhile, in a study in Science Translational Medicine, Christopher Cottrell and colleagues designed a new nanoparticle immunogen as a boost to germline-targeting HIV vaccines. They first primed mice with an immunogen named eOD-Gt8 60mer, which was previously found to induce precursors to anti-HIV, VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibodies in a phase 1 trial. After priming, Cottrell et al. then vaccinated mice with another immunogen named core-g28v2 60mer (in both protein and mRNA form) as a “first boost.” They found that this prime-boost approach elicited VRC01-class antibodies that were precursors to broadly neutralizing antibodies and neutralized HIV-like pseudoviruses in culture. Finally, in a study in Science Immunology, Xuesong Wang and colleagues showed that they could deliver eOD-Gt8 60mer as an initial priming immunogen via mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles. The researchers transferred several different humanized B cell lines into mice to mimic the competition between B cells that occurs during immunization. Their priming strategy coaxed B cells to diversify, participate in germinal centers, and acquire mutations and characteristics needed to secrete VRC01-class antibodies. In their related Perspective, Sanders and Moore add that the results provide a strong proof-of-concept for promising germline-targeting approaches, noting that the N332-GT5 trimer is now in a phase 1 trial.

In an important step toward more effective gene therapies for brain diseases, researchers from the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard have engineered a gene-delivery vehicle that uses a human protein to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier and deliver a disease-relevant gene to the brain in mice expressing the human protein. Because the vehicle binds to a well-studied protein in the blood-brain barrier, the scientists say it has a good chance at working in patients.

Researchers at Boston Children's Hospital found that the organization of adolescents' specific brain circuits was associated with increased emotional vulnerability or increased resilience during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.

University of Washington researchers interviewed 16 older adults in Washington and Oregon, ages 65 to 80, about how their technology use with their social support networks changed during the pandemic.

New research from the University of East Anglia found that wearing face masks did not lower the risk of Covid infection following the initial surge of the Omicron variant.  

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza was detected in dairy cattle for the first time in the United States in March, with nine states reporting outbreaks by May. While the method of transmission among cattle is currently unknown, new research published today (May 15) in Nature Communications demonstrates that a related strain of H5N1, subtype clade 2.3.4.4b, which caused an outbreak in farmed mink in 2022, transmitted through the air to a limited number of ferrets. This is the first time that a member of the group of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses has been shown to exhibit this ability. According to the Penn State researchers who led the study, the findings suggest these viruses are evolving to infect mammals and with potentially increased risk to humans.

About The Study: This study found that in fall-winter 2023-2024, the risk of death in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 was greater than the risk of death in patients hospitalized for seasonal influenza. 

Researchers at the University of Missouri School of Medicine have discovered the virus that causes COVID-19 can breach the protective blood-retinal-barrier with potential long-term consequences in the eye.

Researchers from the Biological Threat Response Laboratory played a critical role in testing for the virus.