Polygonal optical vortices uniquely enable numerous applications due to the new degrees of freedom and their customizable light intensity structure. Previous demonstrations have been limited to continuous-wave regimes. In order to generate femtosecond polygonal optical vortices (FPOVs), scientists in China invented a mode locked solid-state Yb:KGW oscillator with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror working at quasi-frequency-degenerate state to deliver the square, pentagonal, and hexagonal shapes FPOVs.

Nucleic acid aptamers have attained significant prominence in diagnostics, therapeutics, and medical research owing to their affinity towards multiple molecular targets. Researchers have delved into the realm of aptamer research and their potential clinical applications, encompassing their prospects for treating a diverse array of orthopedic diseases. Although they can serve as an efficient and safe means for therapeutic delivery, further investigations regarding aptamer screening and production cost reduction are requisite.

Micro-silicon (Si) anode that features high theoretical capacity and fine tap density is ideal for energy-dense lithium-ion batteries. However, the substantial localized mechanical strain caused by the large volume expansion often results in electrode disintegration and capacity loss. Herein, a microporous Si anode with the SiO_x/C layer functionalized all-surface and high tap density (~ 0.65 g cm^-3) is developed by the hydrolysis-driven strategy that avoids the common use of corrosive etchants and toxic siloxane reagents. The functionalized inner pore with superior structural stability can effectively alleviate the volume change and enhance the electrolyte contact. Simultaneously, the outer particle surface forms a continuous network that prevents electrolyte parasitic decomposition, disperses the interface stress of Si matrix and facilitates electron/ion transport. As a result, the micron-sized Si anode shows only ~ 9.94 GPa average stress at full lithiation state and delivers an impressive capacity of 901.1 mAh g⁻¹ after 500 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹. It also performs excellent rate performance of 1123.0 mAh g⁻¹ at 5 A g⁻¹ and 850.4 at 8 A g⁻¹, far exceeding most of reported literatures. Furthermore, when paired with a commercial LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂, the pouch cell demonstrates high capacity and desirable cyclic performance.

A team of Chinese scientists has developed a high-performance iron-based catalyst for these fuel cells that could potentially reduce reliance on platinum. The new design, described as "inner activation, outer protection," enables record efficiency and long-term durability.

Researchers have demonstrated, for the first time, tunable remote spatial focus control within a dual-core fiber platform using a 3D nanoprinted hologram. The device, called a Metafiber, operates solely via optical power modulation and eliminates the need for bulky external optics and mechanical operation at the functional side. This innovation paves the way for fast, alignment-free beam control in areas such as optical manipulation, micromachining, and biophotonics.

Augmented reality (AR) adoption has been hindered by bulky hardware and distracting "rainbow artifacts". Now, scientists have developed a groundbreaking solution: the first systematically reported single-layer silicon carbide (SiC) waveguide. This ultra-light, ultra-thin, and mass producible diffractive waveguide weighs only 3.795g, provides a full-color, rainbow-artifact-free display, and can be compatibly combined with mass-produced prescription lenses to offer a seamless AR experience for nearsighted users.

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) has successfully completed filling its 20,000-tons liquid scintillator detector and begun data taking on Aug. 26. After more than a decade of preparation and construction, JUNO is the first of a new generation of very large neutrino experiments to reach this stage. Initial trial operation and data taking show that key performance indicators met or exceeded design expectations, enabling JUNO to tackle one of this decade’s major open questions in particle physics: the ordering of neutrino masses—whether the third mass state (ν₃) is heavier than the second (ν₂).

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a surgical procedure to remove plaque buildup in the carotid artery, which supplies blood to the brain. Although its efficacy is known, the effect of CEA on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties has not been examined. Now, Chinese scientists have examined CEA-induced changes in the hemodynamic and BBB properties in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis using computed tomography perfusion scanning, demonstrating improved blood flow and enhanced BBB permeability reversal.