Carbonate cerium and neodymium isotope records from South China show that low-oxygen waters invaded shallow habitats twice during the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction, with a brief recovery between the two pulses. Earth-system models suggest that rapid climate swings reorganized continental weathering and nutrient delivery, amplifying marine oxygen loss and ecological stress.

Opto-electronic integration organically combines the high-speed modulation and transmission of light with the precise control of electricity, serving as a core enabler for the practical deployment of photonic quantum devices. A recent review article published in *National Science Review* by a joint research team from the University of Science and Technology of China, Peking University, National University of Defense Technology, and Nanjing University systematically summarizes this field. The research team reviews the progress of on-chip opto-electronic integrated technologies, introduces their applications in quantum light sources, quantum frequency conversion, quantum communication, and quantum computing, analyzes existing challenges, and prospects future development pathways. This work helps further optimize on-chip photonic quantum hardware schemes and provides references for the subsequent engineering development of scalable photonic quantum systems.

A research team has shown that saponins from Panax notoginseng and Panax ginseng protect the brain after acute ischemic stroke through distinct but complementary biological mechanisms.

To establish a simple and efficient genetic transformation system for broccoli hairy roots, providing technical support for gene functional analysis and molecular breeding of broccoli. Using broccoli rootless seedlings as explants, the transformation efficiency was evaluated using the visual reporting system RUBY, and the Agrobacterium strains and infection concentration (OD) were screened₆₀₀）Construct a broccoli hairy root transformation system mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, taking into account key factors such as the age of the explant seedlings and the concentration of acetosyringone (AS). Successfully established an efficient broccoli hairy root transformation system mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, using 3-day-old rootless seedlings as explants, Agrobacterium tumefaciens K599 strain OD₆₀₀Under the conditions of 0.3 and AS concentration of 200 μ mol/L, the positive transformation rate of hairy roots reached a maximum of 56.8%. This system is universal in cabbage, mustard greens, and cauliflower. Further validation of the CRISPR/Cas12a gene editing system using this system showed that it can be used for rapid evaluation of the editing activity of gene editing vectors. The broccoli hairy root genetic transformation system constructed in this study has high efficiency, stability, and good universality, and can be used for rapid evaluation of gene editing target site activity.

The research team from National University of Defense Technology systematically described the memory efficiency issues in the training process of large language models (LLMs) with Transformer architecture for scientific fields. As the scale of models continues to expand, memory requirements have become a key bottleneck restricting their applications in scientific fields such as biology, medicine, chemistry, and meteorology. The article systematically reviewed memory-efficient pre-training technologies at the algorithm level, system level, and software-hardware collaborative optimization, and combined with the AlphaFold 2 case, demonstrated how customized memory optimization methods can reduce storage overhead while maintaining prediction accuracy.

Covalent organic framework (COF) membranes are promising for precise molecular separation because of their ordered and tunable transport channels. However, highly crystalline COF structures often suffer from intercrystalline defects and poor membrane-forming ability, making it difficult to achieve crystallinity and structural integrity simultaneously. Researchers from Hainan University and Tianjin University report a sequential imine exchange strategy in Nano-Micro Letters that separates the crystallization and defect-remedy processes. Aromatic and hyperbranched aliphatic amines with different imine-exchange energy gaps are introduced sequentially to regulate framework crystallization and intercrystalline connectivity. The resulting COF membranes can be fabricated within 3 h over areas larger than 290 cm² while maintaining high permeance and molecular selectivity. The membranes show water and methanol permeances of 344 and 462 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹, respectively, rejection above 99.9% for selected dyes, and separation factors above 528 for mixed-dye solutions.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often responds poorly to immune checkpoint blockade because of its immunologically cold tumor microenvironment. Researchers from Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University and collaborating institutions report a biomimetic nanomedicine in Nano-Micro Letters that combines photothermal therapy, STING activation, and localized immune checkpoint blockade. Clinical cohort analyses first identified STING signaling as an important factor associated with survival, antigen presentation, and immune responsiveness in HCC. Guided by these findings, the researchers developed MCI-NP@mPD-1, in which the STING agonist MSA-2 and indocyanine green (ICG) are co-assembled through Cu2+-mediated coordination and further camouflaged with PD-1-overexpressing cell membranes. The PD-1 membrane coating increased tumor accumulation by about fivefold and provided localized PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. The integrated treatment remodeled immune-cold HCC toward an immune-active state and induced durable systemic immune memory that limited postoperative lung metastasis.