Researchers report on ionospheric sporadic E layer (Es) activity during the Mother’s Day geomagnetic storm. The team found that the Es layers were significantly enhanced over Southeast Asia, Australia and South Pacific, as well as the eastern Pacific regions during the recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm. They also observed a propagation characteristic in the Es enhancement region wherein the clouds were first detected in high latitudes and detected successively in lower latitudes as time progressed.

Focusing on the spatial cognitive capabilities of large language models (LLMs), researchers led by Prof. Danhuai Guo from Beijing University of Chemical Technology have introduced SRT4LLM, a standardized framework for testing the spatial cognition of LLMs. The framework systematically assesses LLMs across three key dimensions—spatial object types, spatial relations, and prompt engineering strategies—and establishes a unified testing process to support the development of native geographic LLMs.

The Martian atmosphere has been unexpectedly discovered to be nearly a perfect working medium and unique work patterns of its thermoelectric conversion on Mars have been reported. The inherent advantages of in-situ resource utilization significantly enhance the sustainability of efficient thermoelectric conversion; The inertness, High specific heat capacity, and large molecular characteristics contribute to increased efficiency and power density. Compared to mainstream rare gases, efficiency could improve by 7.4% to 20.0%, and power-density could increase by 1.0% to 14.2%. Notably, conversion efficiency (>22%) can be achieved even at relatively low hot-end temperatures (<973K); Reviewing current space thermoelectric conversion technology, it can achieve higher power-density and efficiency, particularly above 100 kW, it offers significant advantages of lightweight compared to mature technologies; The high-grade waste heat from Martian gas can be utilized for combined oxygen production and heating Mars colony.