Cancer continues to pose a substantial public health problem in Nigeria, characterized by rising rates of occurrence and mortality. While there is increasing interest in using natural products for cancer treatment, comprehensive data on the specific bioactive compounds in these plants and how they modulate different types of cancer are still lacking. Additionally, although traditional knowledge about these food plants is rich and valuable, it has not been fully integrated with modern scientific research to create standardized treatment protocols. Scientific databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate were explored to retrieve empirical data. The key plants discussed are Spondias mombin, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Elaeis guineensis, Irvingia gabonensis, Allium cepa, Blighia sapida, Dioscorea dumetorum, Psidium guajava, and Talinum triangulare. These plants demonstrate a wide range of anticancer properties, including the ability to induce apoptosis (cell death), halt the cell cycle, inhibit angiogenesis, and regulate inflammatory responses. They contain a variety of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and organosulfur compounds, which contribute to their anticancer effects. For example, Spondias mombin contains flavonoids that inhibit the formation of tumors, whereas Xanthosoma sagittifolium exhibits cytotoxic effects against leukemia cells. Additionally, Elaeis guineensis exhibits antioxidant properties that counteract oxidative stress, a crucial factor in cancer progression. This review highlights the significance of these plants in developing complementary cancer therapies that can be used alongside conventional treatments. By combining traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific methods, these medicinal plants have the potential to provide innovative approaches to cancer prevention and treatment, addressing the pressing demand for safer and more efficient therapeutic alternatives.