A research group led by Associate Professor Tatsuya Kobayashi, Assistant Professor Mikiro Yoshinuma, and Professor Katsumi Ida of the National Institute for Fusion Science (Toki City, Gifu Prefecture) has achieved a high-speed measurement of plasma distribution in phase-space using a data analysis method called phase-space tomography*1. Phase-space is expressed in terms of the coordinates of the position and velocity of plasma particles. Distortion of the plasma phase-space distribution can occur in high-temperature plasmas and is believed to have a significant impact on plasma performance. The research group conducted spectroscopic measurements to analyze the light emitted from plasma using three different types of devices, and measured the distortion of the plasma phase-space distribution with high precision, using phase-space tomography. They also found that the distortion is the result of efficient plasma heating mediated by waves. Observation of plasma phase-space distribution is an important theme not only in fusion plasmas but also in plasma research on celestial bodies, the sun, and auroras, and is expected to have a ripple effect.

A team led by Specially Appointed Associate Professor Tomohiko Ishihara and Professor Osamu Onodera at Niigata University, along with Professor Yoshitaka Nagai at Kindai University, conducted a randomized, double-blind trial on the efficacy and safety of L-arginine in treating Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. Conducted across five sites in Japan with 40 patients over 48 weeks, the study showed a 0.96-point improvement in SARA scores for the L-arginine group, compared to a 0.56-point worsening in the placebo group, though statistical significance was not achieved (p=0.0582). Further larger Phase 3 trials are anticipated.

Hiroshima University, in partnership with four Japanese institutions and five global collaborators, has launched the “Global Research Initiative on Wireless Terahertz (GROW-THz).” Backed by the JST ASPIRE program with ¥500 million in funding over five years, this project aims to advance next-generation ultra-high-speed wireless communication technologies, strengthen international research networks, and foster intellectual mobility, including the long-term overseas placement of doctoral students for up to one year.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a narrow host range, mainly infecting hominoids. A new study led by researchers from Japan reveals the structural differences in the liver cell receptor (NTCP) between humans and monkeys, explaining why HBV infects humans but not monkeys. This marks a significant medical breakthrough, by identifying new molecular targets for anti-HBV drug development for treating hepatitis B, a disease that places a tremendous burden on the global economy.

Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique known for modifying human behavior and treating neurological diseases. A group of scientists, led by Dr. Taro Kishi, a Professor from Fujita Health University, conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to determine the effective TBS protocols for addressing schizophrenia symptoms and cognitive impairment. Their findings suggest that intermittent TBS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may offer a promising alternative to antipsychotic drug-based treatment.

The National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) publishes Polar Science, a peer-reviewed quarterly journal dealing with polar science, in collaboration with Elsevier B. V. The special issue titled "The Seventh International Symposium on Arctic Research (ISAR-7)" was published as part of the latest issue (Vol. 41, September 2024). The full text of issue 41 will be freely accessible worldwide until 20 March 2025.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) often occurs as a result of ischemia, which is a condition in which blood flow to part of the body is restricted, depriving tissues of oxygen and nutrients. This damage is commonly followed by reperfusion (that is, the restoration of blood flow), but this process can sometimes exacerbate injury through oxidative stress and inflammation. This is called ischemia-reperfusion injury. AKI remains a significant clinical challenge with limited treatment options and poor outcomes. Recent studies suggest that proteinuria, where protein leaks into the urine, is a common feature and associated with poor long-term renal prognosis after AKI. However, the mechanisms underlying proteinuria and its links to kidney cell damage are still unclear.

A 10-minute brain scan can predict the effectiveness of a risky spinal surgery to alleviate intractable pain. The Kobe University result gives doctors a much-needed biomarker to discuss with patients considering spinal cord stimulation.

The hydrogen atoms of [4Fe-4S] type ferredoxin, one of the electron carriers, have been visualized and both experiments and calculations have revealed the mechanisms that control the redox potential. Aspartic acid (Asp64) located a distance away from the [4Fe-4S] cluster of ferredoxin, was found to be the control switch, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism.