New experiments by Christian Wood and colleagues suggest that the marmoset brain area 46 (A46) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is key to a functional network that regulates positive and negative emotion-related processes. The findings relate directly to motivation and responsiveness to threat, which play important roles in depression and anxiety. The study also sheds some light on how non-invasive treatments such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and the drug ketamine may work within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to reduce depression and anxiety. Wood et al. show that inactivation of A46 blunts reward-seeking behavior (a hallmark of depression) and increases responsivity to threat (a hallmark of anxiety). They further identified a functional network, linking A46 with areas 32 and 25, that works to ameliorate the effects of A46 inactivation. These effects take place only within the left hemisphere of the marmoset brain, as some previous studies of neuromodulating therapies in patients have shown. A better understanding of this brain network could help to personalize treatments for depression and anxiety, as Michael Treadway discusses in a related Perspective.

When a disease-causing virus or other organism is transmitted from one species to another, traits of early virus spread help determine if a virus will ultimately persist in a new population, according to new research from Penn State and the University of Minnesota Duluth.

Research conducted on mice revealed that the COVID-19 virus uses cells responsible for testosterone production to replicate, thereby interfering with lipid metabolism. This helps explain the drop in testosterone and possibly cholesterol in patients with s

Corn is one of the most valuable cash crops globally, with annual grain production in the United States alone valued at nearly $80 billion. Fungicides are widely used to protect crops and promote yield, but new research published in Phytobiomes Journal suggests we may be overlooking a hidden cost: the loss of beneficial fungi essential to plant health.