This study reviews how optimization techniques can improve the economic dispatch of local energy sources, helping reduce costs, enhance grid reliability, and support renewable integration. By comparing classical and heuristic methods, it identifies strategies that align with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly affordable and clean energy (SDG 7) and climate action (SDG 13), contributing to a more sustainable and efficient decentralized power system.

In recent years, the large-scale grid connection of various distributed power sources has made the planning and operation of distribution grids increasingly complex. Consequently, a large number of active distribution network reconfiguration techniques have emerged to reduce system losses, improve system safety, and enhance power quality via switching switches to change the system topology while ensuring the radial structure of the network. While scholars have previously reviewed these methods, they all have obvious shortcomings, such as a lack of systematic integration of methods, vague classification, lack of constructive suggestions for future study, etc. Therefore, this paper attempts to provide a comprehensive and profound review of 52 methods and applications of active distribution network reconfiguration through systematic method classification and enumeration. Specifically, these methods are classified into five categories, i.e., traditional methods, mathematical methods, meta-heuristic algorithms, machine learning methods, and hybrid methods. A thorough comparison of the various methods is also scored in terms of their practicality, complexity, number of switching actions, performance improvement, advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, four summaries and four future research prospects are presented. In summary, this paper aims to provide an up-to-date and well-rounded manual for subsequent researchers and scholars engaged in related fields.

Satellite data used by archaeologists to find traces of ancient ruins hidden under dense forest canopies can also be used to improve the speed and accuracy to measure how much carbon is retained and released in forests. Understanding this carbon cycle is key to climate change research.