The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) — a low-frequency variability in sea surface temperature that repeats roughly every 40 to 80 years in Atlantic — impacts global climate and influences frequency and severity of extreme weather events. High-resolution models can improve simulations of AMO, but researchers did not understand how. Now, an international team has figured out why more detailed models can simulate the AMO in a way that better matches with observed data.

 A new study categorizes corporate climate risks into physical, transition and perceived categories. Researchers propose an integrated assessment framework combining exposure data, management capabilities and market perceptions. The work highlights supply chain vulnerabilities in physical risks, ESG limitations in transition risks, and AI applications for perceived risks. Findings help firms navigate climate challenges while identifying green energy opportunities.