The paper proposes a generic risk theory that treats risk as information produced by human cognition. It introduces a quantitative descriptive model linking spontaneous risk perception and analytical risk cognition through disparities between target and realistic value expectations, outlines conditions for when perception occurs, and connects the framework to decision-making and potential AI-enabled implementations.

A study published in the Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts investigates how drying temperatures affect sulfoethylated kraft lignin (SEKL), a sulfonated derivative with applications in textiles, construction, and wastewater treatment. Using nuclear magnetic resonance, XPS, and chromatography, researchers revealed that freeze-drying maintains maximum solubility, charge density, and sulfonic acid group content. In contrast, oven drying induces alkylation and hydrolysis reactions that reduce functionality. The findings highlight the importance of optimizing drying conditions to tailor lignin properties for industrial applications.

Hafnium oxide (HfO₂) is a promising material for advanced semiconductors, but it is also known for its challenging etching properties. A group of researchers from Japan and Taiwan has successfully etched HfO₂ films with atomic-level precision. This process was performed without the use of halogen gases, which are often highly toxic and may act as greenhouse gases.

Do you think that Spotify's suggestions for new music becomes stranger all the time? It may be because of you. In a unique study with researchers from University of Gothenburg, 15 years of listening data shows that musical taste becomes more refined with age.