A research team has reviewed the immunomodulatory potential of bovine colostrum (BC), highlighting its rich composition of bioactive compounds such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and growth factors that enhance immune defense, reduce inflammation, and support tissue repair.

The kelp forest is ephemeral, yet foundational. Fronds of this fast-growing giant seaweed come and go with the seasons, storms and waves, supporting communities of fish, invertebrates and even mammals wherever they emerge. As dynamic as they are in the ocean, kelp forests are also essential for its nearby shoreline communities, as fronds of this seaweed wash up on the beach, providing sustenance for invertebrates and serving as the foundation of beach food webs.

Research published in the journal PNAS from engineers at Washington University in St. Louis offers a clearer picture of how cells can sense beyond their direct environment.