Researchers in China model the motions of groups of manta rays to study how group dynamics affect their propulsion, studying different formations of three manta rays: in tandem, in a triangular setup with one manta ray in front leading two behind, and in an inverse triangular configuration with one manta ray trailing the other two. They found the tandem formation only significantly increases propulsion for the middle manta ray, and the two triangular setups result in overall decreased efficiency compared to a single swimmer on its own. These findings can help optimize formations for underwater vehicle operations.

Scientists have unveiled the magnesium-bound crystal structure of Akkermansia muciniphila sialidase Amuc_1547, a key enzyme enabling gut bacteria to degrade protective mucins. The study reveals a unique metal-binding pocket, a carbohydrate-binding domain, and an unconventional catalytic mechanism. These findings advance understanding of gut microbiota adaptation and offer potential pathways for therapies targeting metabolic diseases linked to mucin metabolism.