A review published in SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences synthesizes current knowledge of nitrous oxide (N₂O) production by marine planktonic ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), an important microbial group involved in ocean nitrification. The authors summarize the potential metabolic pathways of AOA-derived N₂O and examine how environmental factors including oxygen, temperature, pH, substrate availability, and organic carbon regulate this process. The review highlights the need to understand multifactorial effects of ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation to better predict marine N₂O emissions under future climate change.

With the growing demand for in-situ exploration of complex extreme terrains such as polar craters in lunar exploration missions, quadruped robots have demonstrated unique advantages owing to their efficient jumping and locomotion capabilities in weak gravitational fields. However, lunar gravity is only one-sixth of Earth's, which substantially prolongs the flight phase of underactuated jumping. Incorrect takeoff actions on rugged terrain generate rotational torques that cause the robot to continuously rotate in mid-air, with the angular momentum accumulating over time and leading to catastrophic consequences, thus imposing significant uncertainty on landing control. Conventional optimal control methods rely on offline preplanned trajectories and are unable to cope with the variability of unknown rugged terrains; existing deep reinforcement learning models lack effective utilization of temporal causal relationships, relying solely on current states for decision-making and struggling to predict the long-term consequences of actions. Therefore, how to leverage historical sequence information to model temporal dependencies between actions, enabling the robot to possess forward-looking prediction and adaptive adjustment capabilities during the jumping process, has become a key technical challenge for jumping control on complex lunar terrains.

With the continuous growth of global communication demands, fiber-optic networks are undergoing rapid expansion, and the most widely used silica-based optical fibers are now approaching their intrinsic loss limits. Heavy-metal fluoride ZBLAN fibers theoretically exhibit losses in the mid-infrared band that can be approximately 20 times lower than those of silica fibers. However, this theoretical advantage has long been constrained by the inevitable crystallization problem during ground-based fabrication—ZBLAN glass possesses a critical cooling rate far higher than that of silica, rendering it highly susceptible to crystallization during the fiber drawing process on Earth, which leads to a significant increase in scattering loss. Although microgravity environments may reduce crystallization rates by suppressing buoyancy-driven convection, and theoretical models support this mechanism, the lack of space-qualified automated fiber drawing equipment has previously prevented the acquisition of fiber samples of sufficient length for systematic characterization. Therefore, validating the practical feasibility and performance enhancement effects of ZBLAN fiber drawing under microgravity conditions has become a key scientific issue in overcoming the bottleneck to realizing the ultra-low-loss potential of this material.

Solid electrolytes are promising materials for safer, more compact all-solid-state batteries, but producing smooth thin films with high ionic conductivity remains challenging. In a recent study, researchers from Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan, developed a multilayer method using lithium borohydride and lithium iodide to create high-iodine thin films. Their approach improved iodine incorporation, maintained relatively smooth surfaces, and produced good room-temperature ionic conductivity, opening new possibilities for thin-film solid electrolytes.

Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂, LCO) stands as one of the most representative cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries. The improvement in energy density of LiCoO₂ is essentially achieved by increasing the charge cut-off voltage. However, under high-voltage conditions, the electrolyte solvent molecules undergo severe oxidative decomposition at the cathode interface. Moreover, a series of issues including transition metal dissolution, oxygen release, and deteriorated thermal stability, have become bottlenecks that severely restrict its practical application.

To address this challenge, Prof. Yang Sun (Sun Yat-sen University), Associate Researcher Maolin Yang (Xiamen University), Professors Qiaobao Zhang (Xiamen University), Yu Qiao (Xiamen University), and Academician Shi-gang Sun (Xiamen University) have proposed a novel strategy to stabilize high-voltage LiCoO₂ cathodes by coating them with a conformal zeolite layer using a scalable high-speed solid-phase mechanofusion technique. The sub-nano channels of zeolite enable complete Li⁺ desolvation, creating a locally supersaturated electrolyte that suppresses solvent decomposition. The Zeolite@LCO cathode achieves ~83% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 4.8 V and stable operation at 5.0 V, with significantly enhanced thermal safety. This work provides a translatable paradigm for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. This work was recently published online in Science Bulletin.

The development of efficient, durable, and cost-effective oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is essential for advancing renewable energy technologies. Herein, a novel strategy is reported that spatially confines a nanoscale localized high-entropy oxide (LHEO) consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, and Mn within α-Fe2O3, forming a unique α-Fe2O3@LHEO nanoarchitecture. The catalyst exhibits outstanding OER performance for alkaline water splitting, achieving a current density of 10 mA/cm2 at a low overpotential of 229 mV with a small Tafel slope of 34.4 mV/dec, significantly outperforming commercial RuO2 (326 mV, 118.8 mV/dec). It also shows excellent long-term stability over 1000 h at 100 mA/cm2 without notable activity degradation. Applied in rechargeable zinc–air batteries with natural seawater, the α-Fe2O3@LHEO cathode delivers a high power density of 88.3 mW/cm2 and stable operation over 600 cycles, substantially surpassing the benchmark Ru-Pt electrocatalyst (74.7 mW/cm2, 170 cycles). Combined experimental and theoretical studies reveal that LHEO induces lattice strain in α-Fe2O3, modulates its electronic structure, and lowers the crystal field splitting energy to stabilize high-spin Fe3+. These effects enhance metallic character for efficient charge transfer and optimize the adsorption/desorption of key oxygen reaction intermediates, thus shifting the OER pathway from the conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) to the more energetically favorable lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) with the energy barrier reduced from 1.85 to 1.71 eV. Overall, this work proposes a novel localized high-entropy engineering approach that overcomes key bottlenecks in designing efficient and durable OER electrocatalysts based on earth-abundant materials.