India’s race, religion, and caste are quite diverse. Even within the same nation, regional variations exist in the ABO blood type and the Rh system. The current research examined the relationship between diseases and the ABO blood type among Nagaland’s Chakhesang ethnic communities. This research considered the population of sick people with ABO blood types. One hundred persons, including men and women from the Chakhesang tribe, served as research respondents. The Chakhesang Naga tribe was selected for this study because of the documented higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus within this group compared to the broader regional population. The study also aimed to explore a possible association between these health conditions and blood type A. The ABD antisera typing Kit’s standard methodology was followed for blood group testing. S2 ABO software was used to compute the Hardy-Weinberg model, and the chi-square test was used to compare the results. In this research, we discovered that blood type A was more likely to develop hypertension and diabetes than blood types B and O (blood type A, X² = 16.3, P = 0.00∗; blood type B, X² = 18, P = 0.00∗; blood type O, X² = 0.085, P = 0.87). This might imply that blood type A may be genetically predisposed to diabetes and hypertension more than other blood types. Our research shows that, compared to healthy individuals, the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was much higher in the general population. The Chakhesang Naga tribe has the highest prevalence of blood type B, while those with blood type A are the most afflicted and sensitive to hypertension and diabetes. A key limitation of the study is that the findings are based on a specific population and may not be generalizable. Larger and more diverse cohorts are needed to evaluate their broader applicability.

Recent advances in spatial and single-cell omics have significantly revolutionized biomarker discovery in tumor immunotherapy by addressing critical challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, and variability within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Immunotherapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T-cell transfer, have demonstrated promising clinical outcomes; however, their efficacy is limited by low response rates and the incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Therefore, the identification of reliable biomarkers is essential for predicting treatment efficacy, minimizing irAEs, and facilitating patient stratification. Spatial omics integrates molecular profiling with spatial localization, thereby providing comprehensive insights into the cellular organization and functional states within the TME. By elucidating the spatial patterns of immune cell infiltration and tumor heterogeneity, this approach enhances the prediction of therapeutic responses. Similarly, single-cell omics enables high-resolution analysis of cellular heterogeneity by capturing transcriptomic, epigenomic, and metabolic signatures at the single-cell level. The integrated application of spatial and single-cell omics has enabled the identification of previously undetected biomarkers, including rare immune cell subsets implicated in resistance mechanisms. In addition to spatial transcriptomics (ST), this technological landscape also includes spatial proteomics (SP) and spatial metabolomics, which further facilitate the study of dynamic tumor-immune interactions. Multi-omics integration provides a comprehensive overview of biomarker landscapes, while the rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches enhances the analysis of complex, multidimensional datasets to ultimately enhance predictive potential and clinical utility. Despite substantial progress, several challenges remain in the context of standardization, data integration, and real-time monitoring. Nevertheless, the incorporation of spatial and single-cell omics into biomarker research holds transformative potential for advancing personalized cancer immunotherapy. These emerging strategies pave the way for the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, thereby enabling precision oncology and improving treatment outcomes across a wide range of tumor profiles.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the integration of spatial omics with single-cell omics in the discovery of biomarkers for tumor immunotherapy. Specifically, it examines the strategies by which these emerging technologies address the challenges related to tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, and the dynamic nature of the TME. By elaborating on the principles, applications, and clinical potential of these technologies, this review also critically evaluates their limitations, challenges, and the current gaps in clinical translation.

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