Despite advances in computational biology and regulatory moves to reduce animal use, a coherent framework for AI-driven polypharmacology as a bridge between animal models and human drug development is still missing. The shift from "cage" to "code" brings opportunities but also unresolved issues in biological interpretation, regulation, and education. This review critically examines this transition within the 3R framework, focusing on: (i) regulatory and ethical drivers for non-animal methods, (ii) gaps left by reduced animal use, and (iii) AI's potential to reconstruct biological complexity via multi-omics and predictive modelling. The review suggests that AI-driven polypharmacology offers a scalable, ethical, and precision-oriented path forward.

An Osaka Metropolitan University-led research team evaluated the efficacy of a structured rehabilitation program for maintaining ADLs among terminally ill cancer patients. 

Work intensity is significantly higher under poor line managers, according to new research led by Bayes Business School (City St George’s, University of London) that could have strong implications for global occupational health and productivity.

Aging is a major risk factor for chronic diseases, and calorie restriction (CR) is a robust non-pharmacological intervention that can extend health span in multiple species. Alternative splicing (AS) generates multiple RNA isoforms from a single pre-mRNA and becomes dysregulated with age; intriguingly, prior work suggests that CR can attenuate age-associated splicing noise. What has remained unclear is whether AS responses to CR are coordinated across tissues and whether they scale with the level of restriction.