Temperature sensing plays a pivotal role in controlling and monitoring industrial, chemical, and biomedical systems. There are some complex internal space structures such as porous and zigzag in microscale or constrained environments. Traditional temperature measurement techniques such as thermocouples, infrared sensors, and fiber optics face larger challenges in such specific environments. This is not only due to their size but also because of limitations in mechanical flexibility, spatial adaptability, or contact requirements restrictions. To overcome these challenges, researchers have explored various nanoscale thermometers, including quantum dots, lanthanide-doped nanoparticles, and nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. These temperature measurement methods offer high spatial resolution and a broad temperature measurement range, but they typically require continuous light excitation and real-time fluorescence detection. It makes them difficult to implement effectively in complex porous structures or confined internal spaces.
