The cyber-attack diagnosability (CA-diagnosability) of discrete event systems (DESs) assess the ability to diagnose issues when an attacker interferes with sensor-to-diagnostic communication. In real life, for example, in network systems, a network node (router or user) may be attacked or unable to correctly and promptly transmit messages due to other reasons; in power systems, a current or voltage detector may naturally age or be affected by external factors, thus failing to accurately obtain the current and voltage values of the power system; in automotive systems, damage to a component may cause the sensor readings to differ from the original values, and so on.

A newly developed architecture for full-duplex wireless transceivers solves the long-standing problem of self-interference, as reported by researchers from Science Tokyo. They implemented an innovative switching strategy that isolates self-interference in the time domain by alternating transmission and reception faster than the wireless signal period, enabling effective simultaneous transmission and reception. Experiments using 400-MHz-wide millimeter-wave signals (5G-compatible) highlight the technology’s potential for future Beyond 5G/6G infrastructure, including extended reality systems, and smart factories.

The performance and applications of carbon materials are tightly related to their structural characteristics, especially the types and distribution of defects. However, defect structures at the atomic level have long been regarded as a ‘black box’ in carbon science. Now, researchers from Japan have shed light on these structural mysteries. By integrating advanced spectroscopy with computer simulations, they precisely identified the atomic configurations responsible for key defect peaks, paving the way for advanced material engineering. 

The metals used in batteries are a valuable, finite resource that are not readily available in Europe. There is therefore a huge desire to recycle as much as possible. Researchers at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden have come up with a new way of recycling the metals found in rechargeable batteries, with less harmful effects for people and the environment, whilst maintaining the same level of efficiency. Their study investigates how fossil-based chemicals used in metal recovery can be replaced with alternatives produced from renewable biomass.

A team led by Professors Jianping Weng, Sihui Luo and Lianxin Liu from the University of Science and Technology of China published the study Hepatic IFRD1 suppresses metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease via GLUD1/α-KG axis in Science Bulletin.This study identifies the IFRD1-GLUD1-α-KG cascade as a vital link between metabolism and epigenetics. It establishes the first clinical association of IFRD1 with MASLD, reveals a GLUD1-dependent pathogenic pathway, and validates α-KG’s epigenetic function, offering a novel metabolism – epigenetics - targeted therapeutic strategy for MASLD.

Researchers at the University of Osaka have synergistically combined three strategies for energy dissipation to enhance the toughness of elastomers. Rotaxane molecules with sacrificial bonds are incorporated into an elastomer. Under increasing external force, three mechanisms become sequentially activated: sliding of the rotaxane molecules, force-induced bond scission in the rings to form linear chains, and entanglement of the resulting chains. A polyurethane elastomer synthesized using this strategy was five times tougher than a conventional polyurethane.