Certifying a third-party repair service can help companies retain customers by signaling that there’s value, or “unused utility,” left in broken products, according to a team led by Penn State researchers.

A new statistical tool could help researchers and practitioners determine when personalized treatments, educational programs, or recommendations are truly worth the extra cost and complexity, according to a new study. The findings offer a rigorous tool to identify when tailoring interventions is likely to outperform more conventional one-size-fits-all approaches. Personalized interventions are increasingly used in fields such as medicine, education, marketing, economics, and computer science because individuals often respond differently to the same treatment or support. However, personalized interventions are more expensive, often require more data, and can be more difficult to implement than universal interventions. There are very few tools to evaluate and identify scenarios when the added cost and complexity of personalization are justified by meaningful improvements in outcomes. To address this, Zhaoqi Li and Emma Brunskill developed a statistical hypothesis test – the K-fold Personalization Test (KPT) – that analyzes existing datasets to evaluate whether a personalized intervention policy is expected to outperform the best universal intervention. Unlike previous methods, the test accommodates multiple interventions, many individual characteristics, and flexible machine learning models while maintaining rigorous statistical guarantees, including control of false-positive (Type I) error. Across four datasets spanning job training, depression treatment, education, and marketing systems, the authors found that the KPT approach consistently demonstrated broad applicability and outperformed previous statistical methods for evaluating personalization. Li and Brunskill note, however, that the test evaluates personalization only within a user-specified class of decision policies and does not identify the optimal personalized policy itself. Yet even with these limitations, the KPT provides a rigorous and broadly applicable framework for helping researchers and practitioners determine when personalization is likely to deliver meaningful benefits.

About The Study: Among this large, diverse sample of individuals in the United States, formulary rejections were frequent and often resulted in delayed or absent treatment, highlighting trade-offs between cost and access to medicines.

In palliative care, although opioids play a vital role in pain management for patients with cancer, they cause opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Naldemedine is extensively used to treat OIC; however, its prophylactic administration at the initiation of opioid therapy is not currently reimbursed under the public health insurance system. Researchers at University of Tsukuba demonstrated that the prophylactic administration of naldemedine along with opioid treatment is a cost-effective strategy in cancer palliative care.

Honesty and integrity can be powerful drivers of behaviour in organisations, not just financial incentives. Fixed salaries may be more effective in roles where trust, judgement and truthfulness are essential. Overusing incentives can signal distrust, potentially weakening honesty and creating a cycle of greater oversight.