Nicotine addiction remains one of the most persistent global health challenges, yet the cellular mechanisms underlying it are less explored. Now, researchers have discovered that astrocytes, glial cells in the brain thought to play only a passive role, actively contribute to the brain changes triggered by repeated nicotine exposure. The findings provide insights into nicotine-induced changes in the brain by an enzyme that regulates a key glutamate-related pathway linked to sensitized behavior.

Polyester and a host of other plastic products could potentially be manufactured with non-toxic and sustainable BPA alternatives identified in a multidisciplinary study published today by researchers in Sweden.  

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is invaluable in the medical world. But despite all the good it does, there is room for improvement. One way to enhance the sensitivity of MRI is called dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), where target molecules for imaging are modified so they form clearer images when scanned with an MRI machine. But this technique requires some special crystalline materials mixed with polarizing agents which are difficult to create. For the first time, researchers including those from the University of Tokyo demonstrate the use of molecules called fullerenes as polarizing agents. Their new method can make DNP targets sufficient to yield far greater clarity when imaged with an MRI machine, with potential benefits in various medical applications.

A novel treatment (MA-5) developed by a Tohoku University-led research team will soon undergo phase II clinical trials at four medical institutions across Japan. MA-5 could provide hope for patients with mitochondrial diseases – as there are currently no approved treatments available.

For the first time, a new high-resolution microscopy technique has allowed researchers to watch live as influenza viruses infect cells. 

The international team led by ETH Zurich found that the cells actively promote virus uptake. 

This technique could now help to develop antiviral therapies in a more targeted manner.