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Systems that may appear similar at first glance can behave very differently near a tipping point. Their behavior depends on microscopic details, according to a new study by the Complexity Science Hub—findings that could impact risk assessments in economics and society.

Researchers from the BIRTE research group looked at how different fiscal policies contributed to reducing the carbon emissions, water use and food waste generated by food consumption. They concluded that a generalized increase in taxes on all products is not as effective as differential taxing or subsidising of each food category. They also stated the importance of designing different policies according to the objectives to be achieved.